Robustness assessment of primal–dual gradient projection-based online feedback optimization for real-time distribution grid management

IF 3.3 3区工程技术 Q2 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Electric Power Systems Research Pub Date : 2025-02-04 DOI:10.1016/j.epsr.2025.111468

Sen Zhan , Johan Morren , Wouter van den Akker , Anne van der Molen , Nikolaos G. Paterakis , J.G. Slootweg

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The increasing deployment of distributed energy resources causes voltage and congestion issues in distribution grids. Recently, online feedback optimization (OFO) emerges as a promising real-time solution approach. OFO uses measurements as feedback and employs optimization algorithms as feedback controllers to steer the distribution system towards optimal operating points. OFO does not need an accurate grid model nor consumption data of non-controllable loads and affords fast implementation, which make it particularly suitable for real-time distribution grid management. This paper aims to provide an extensive robustness assessment of OFO based on the primal–dual gradient projection (PDGP) algorithm under practical distribution grid operational conditions. To quantify system performance, we use metrics including active power curtailment ratio, voltage and loading constraint violations, normalized reference power tracking error, and distance to the deterministic-case trajectory. Simulations conducted on a 136-bus medium-voltage grid using second-scale data reveal that the algorithm demonstrates satisfactory robustness to time-varying generation and loads, grid model inaccuracy, measurement errors, and communication failures, but is susceptible to systematic communication delays and unnoticed topology changes particularly involving tripping of cables at the beginning of distribution feeders. Potential solutions to these shortcomings are discussed.

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来源期刊

Electric Power Systems Research 工程技术-工程：电子与电气

CiteScore

7.50

自引率

17.90%

发文量

963

审稿时长

3.8 months

期刊介绍： Electric Power Systems Research is an international medium for the publication of original papers concerned with the generation, transmission, distribution and utilization of electrical energy. The journal aims at presenting important results of work in this field, whether in the form of applied research, development of new procedures or components, orginal application of existing knowledge or new designapproaches. The scope of Electric Power Systems Research is broad, encompassing all aspects of electric power systems. The following list of topics is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to indicate topics that fall within the journal purview. • Generation techniques ranging from advances in conventional electromechanical methods, through nuclear power generation, to renewable energy generation. • Transmission, spanning the broad area from UHV (ac and dc) to network operation and protection, line routing and design. • Substation work: equipment design, protection and control systems. • Distribution techniques, equipment development, and smart grids. • The utilization area from energy efficiency to distributed load levelling techniques. • Systems studies including control techniques, planning, optimization methods, stability, security assessment and insulation coordination.