Evaluation of oral lesions and dental health in HIV-positive Saudi patients

Abstract

Objectives

Oral lesions are a serious complication of HIV infection and serve as clinical indicators of disease status. We conducted the current study to assess the prevalence of oral lesions and teeth condition in individuals with HIV in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA).

Methods

This cross-sectional study included 264 patients recruited from the HIV dental clinic between January 2019 and March 2020. Participants were adults (aged ≥ 18 years) of Saudi nationality. We included 115 patients who were HIV-1 seropositive and149 matched healthy patients. Data were collected through patient interviews using a comprehensive questionnaire. Oral examinations were performed using artificial light, mouth mirrors, tweezers, gauzes, and wooden tongue depressors.

Results

The average age of HIV-infected individuals was 43.22 ± 13.68 years, with 53.8 % being male. Dry mouth was more prevalent in HIV patients than in the control group (49.6 % vs. 33.1 %, p = 0.007). HIV patients demonstrated poorer oral hygiene, with fewer brushing their teeth at least twice daily (32.2 % vs. 50.3 %, p = 0.002) and a higher percentage not brushing regularly (23.5 % vs. 11.4 %, p = 0.011). Within the HIV cohort, the occurrence of dry mouth significantly correlated with dentition status. Neutrophil counts were significantly correlated with the type of screening test performed (r = 0.235; p = 0.011), antiretroviral medication (r = -0.205; p = 0.028), erythematous candidiasis (r = -0.192; p = 0.039), and the presence of hairy leukoplakia (r = -0.187; p = 0.046).

Conclusions

HIV-positive individuals in KSA have poorer oral health and dentition status compared to healthy controls. Effective policies are needed to ensure adequate dental health in this high-risk group.