Exploring viral diversity in fermented vegetables through viral metagenomics

Abstract

Fermented vegetables are traditionally produced using the endogenous microorganisms present in raw ingredients. While the diversity of bacteria and fungi in fermented vegetables has been relatively well studied, phage communities remain largely unexplored. In this study, we collected twelve samples of fermented cabbage, carrot, and turnip after fermentation and analyzed the microbial and viral communities using shotgun and viral metagenomic approaches. Assessment of the viral diversity also benefited from epifluorescence microscopy to estimate viral load. The viral metagenomics approach targeted dsDNA, ssDNA, and RNA viruses. The microbiome of fermented vegetables was dominated by lactic acid bacteria and varied according to the type of vegetable used as raw material. The analysis of metagenome-assembled-genomes allowed the detection of 22 prophages of which 8 were present as free particles and therefore detected in the metaviromes. The viral community, estimated to range from 5.28 to 7.57 log virus-like particles per gram of fermented vegetables depending on the sample, was mainly composed of dsDNA viruses, although ssDNA and non-bacterial RNA viruses, possibly originating from the phyllosphere, were also detected. The dsDNA viral community, primarily comprising bacteriophages, varied depending on the type of vegetable used for fermentation. The bacterial hosts predicted for these phages mainly belonged to Lactobacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae families. These results highlighted the complex microbial and viral composition of fermented vegetables, which varied depending on the three types of vegetables used as raw material. Further research is needed to deepen our understanding of the impact of these viruses on the microbial ecology of fermented vegetables and on the quality of the final products.