Microsaccade behavior associated with inhibitory control in athletes in the antisaccade task

Abstract

The ability to achieve a state of readiness before upcoming tasks, known as a preparatory set, is critical for athletic performance. Here, we investigated these preparatory processes associated with inhibitory control using the anti-saccade paradigm, in which participants are instructed, prior to target appearance, either to automatically look at the target (pro-saccade) or to suppress this automatic response and intentionally look in the opposite direction (anti-saccade). We focused on microsaccadic eye movements that happen before saccade responses in either pro- or anti-saccade tasks, as these microsaccades reflect ongoing preparatory processes during saccade planning before execution. We hypothesized that athletes, compared to non-athletes, would demonstrate better preparation, given research generally indicating higher inhibitory control in athletes. Our findings showed that microsaccade rates decreased before target appearance, with lower rates observed during anti-saccade preparation compared to pro-saccade preparation. However, microsaccade rates and metrics did not differ significantly between athletes and non-athletes. Moreover, reduced microsaccade rates were associated with improved task performance in non-athletes, leading to higher accuracy and faster saccade reaction times (SRTs) in trials without microsaccades. For athletes, only SRTs were affected by microsaccade occurrence. Moreover, the modulation of microsaccadic inhibition on accuracy was more pronounced in non-athletes compared to athletes. In conclusion, while microsaccade responses were modulated by task preparation, differences between athletes and non-athletes were non-significant. These findings, for the first time, highlight the potential of using microsaccades as an online objective index to study preparatory sets in sports science research.