Screening methods for antibiotic residue detection in milk: Recent advances, challenges, and regulations

Abstract

Antimicrobial residues in milk pose a significant risk to human health, prompting regulatory bodies to establish safety limits to protect consumers. While traditional screening methods have primarily targeted single analytes or classes, recent advancements in multiclass screening techniques offer more comprehensive and efficient monitoring. This review highlights these advancements and focuses on methods developed since 2010, such as microbial inhibition tests, immunoassays, biosensors and LC–MS-based approaches. It also discusses the strengths and limitations of these techniques, as well as the challenges associated with analysing milk's complex matrix, emphasising the ongoing need for innovation in food safety practices.