Synthesis of PPy/rGO/NiCoFe2O4 Ternary Composite and rGO/NiCoFe2O4 Binary Composite Hybrid Materials for the Fabrication of Flexible Carbon Cloth Electrodes for Supercapacitors

Abstract

This study presents a simple, scalable approach for synthesizing binary and ternary composites tailored for electrode materials, with a focus on supercapacitor applications. The composites were fabricated by integrating reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with NiCoFe₂O₄ metal oxides and the conductive polymer polypyrrole (PPy). The significance of this work lies in the development of supercapacitors, which are highly valued for their superior energy density, fast charge and discharge rates, prolonged life cycle, and cost-effectiveness. The binary composite, rGO/NiCoFe₂O₄, was synthesized using a sol–gel auto-combustion method, with carbon cloth serving as the electrode substrate for electrochemical testing. Electrochemical analysis showed that the rGO/NiCoFe₂O₄ binary composite exhibited a specific capacitance of 154 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/s. The addition of PPy resulted in the formation of the ternary composite, PPy/rGO/NiCoFe₂O₄, which demonstrated a markedly improved specific capacitance of 210 F/g under the same conditions, underscoring the synergistic effect of PPy. Furthermore, galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD) analysis revealed specific capacitance values of 222.5 F/g at 1 A/g and 145 F/g at 2 A/g for the ternary composite, compared to 157.1 F/g and 110 F/g for the binary composite. The findings of this investigation emphasize the significant potential of the PPy/rGO/NiCoFe₂O₄ composite for the development of high-performance supercapacitors, leveraging the combined benefits of rGO, NiCoFe₂O₄, and PPy for superior energy storage capabilities.