Green Production Pathways, Instability, and Stability of Resveratrol: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Resveratrol (RES) is a nonflavonoid polyphenolic compound present in various plant species. Extensive research has confirmed the diverse biological activities of RES, rendering it highly promising for multiple industries. However, its stability is influenced by intrinsic factors, such as structure, and extrinsic factors, including light exposure, oxygen exposure, elevated temperature, and pH variations. RES also faces challenges related to low solubility, rapid metabolism, and limited bioavailability, which impede its application in the food and medical sectors. The objective of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the most up-to-date advancements in green and efficient RES production pathways and to evaluate RES instability and strategies for stabilization. The green and efficient production of RES is mainly achieved through plant extraction and biosynthesis. The RES plant extraction methods include deep eutectic solvent (DES) methods, ultrasound-assisted, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme-assisted extraction technology. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are compared in this paper. The biosynthesis of RES can produce a high yield in a short period, and the use of genetic engineering and other techniques to improve and optimize the yield has brought the possibility of the mass production of RES. More importantly, RES can be stabilized or protected by encapsulation, combined with other natural compounds, structurally modified and synthesized by chemo-enzymatic and other methods, which is of great significance for food, medicine, and clinical applications.