Fabrication of dual cross-linked gelatin/oxidized regenerated cellulose/polyphosphate porous sponges and nanofibrous mats for hemostatic application

Abstract

Despite the advancements in hemostatic agents, global mortality rate due to bleeding remains a significant concern. In this study, to mitigate the drawbacks associated with traditional hemostatic agents, we harnessed a combination of gelatin (G), oxidized regenerated cellulose, and sodium tripolyphosphate (NaTPP). Leveraging nanotechnology further enhanced the hemostatic efficacy. To exploit synergies and optimize surface modification, four composites were formulated: G-NaORC, G-NaORC-NaTPP, aminated gelatin (AG)-NaORC, and AG-NaORC-NaTPP. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra (¹H- and ¹³C-NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer analyzes were employed to confirm the accuracy of gelatin amination and to establish chemical and physical cross-linking groups. Then, using electrospinning, nanofibers were prepared from each group to ensure the beneficial effects of synergy and surface modification. The resultant sponges and nanofibrous mats were then characterized morphologically using SEM. Degradation, hydrophilicity, swelling ratio, and hemolytic properties of the hemostatic constructs were assessed. The hemostatic rate and cytocompatibility of the samples were evaluated using PT/PTT tests and MTT assays, respectively. Our results showed that the AG-NaORC-NaTPP nanofiber mat endowed the best hemostatic capabilities by reducing the coagulation time by about 30%. The resulting formulation addresses critical aspects in pursuing effective hemostatic solutions.