{"title":"Features of Implementation of Time-to-Digital Converters Based on FPGA (Review)","authors":"E. Yu. Shelkovnikov, K. A. Shlyahtin","doi":"10.1134/S0020441224701677","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>The purpose of this review is to provide researchers involved in the development of time-to-digital converters (TDC) on FPGAs with the most complete understanding of the existing approaches and methods for implementing such converters. The paper summarizes the most significant characteristics of TDCs and describes the basic time interval measurement methods used in the implementation of TDCs on FPGAs. The main problems arising in the development of such circuits are outlined. The FPGA elements on which the TDC is implemented and the procedure of TDC calibration are briefly considered. The approaches used to increase the resolution and to reduce the nonlinearity of TDC on FPGA are analyzed. Different structures of encoders used in the TDCs are considered. Based on the results of the analysis, recommendations for the development of an FPGA-based TDC are given.</p>","PeriodicalId":587,"journal":{"name":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","volume":"67 5","pages":"843 - 857"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Instruments and Experimental Techniques","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0020441224701677","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to provide researchers involved in the development of time-to-digital converters (TDC) on FPGAs with the most complete understanding of the existing approaches and methods for implementing such converters. The paper summarizes the most significant characteristics of TDCs and describes the basic time interval measurement methods used in the implementation of TDCs on FPGAs. The main problems arising in the development of such circuits are outlined. The FPGA elements on which the TDC is implemented and the procedure of TDC calibration are briefly considered. The approaches used to increase the resolution and to reduce the nonlinearity of TDC on FPGA are analyzed. Different structures of encoders used in the TDCs are considered. Based on the results of the analysis, recommendations for the development of an FPGA-based TDC are given.
期刊介绍：
Instruments and Experimental Techniques is an international peer reviewed journal that publishes reviews describing advanced methods for physical measurements and techniques and original articles that present techniques for physical measurements, principles of operation, design, methods of application, and analysis of the operation of physical instruments used in all fields of experimental physics and when conducting measurements using physical methods and instruments in astronomy, natural sciences, chemistry, biology, medicine, and ecology.
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