Electrochemical Sensor With Dynamic Self-Calibration for Acetaminophen Detection in Water

Abstract

In this letter, we introduce a self-calibrating electrochemical sensor for water acetaminophen (ACT) detection. The sensor is built upon a graphite pencil lead (GPL) electrode modified with a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) to ensure selectivity. Moreover, using a sparse identification scheme, the sensor is equipped with a dynamic calibration algorithm to increase the sensor accuracy in time-dependent measurements. The sensor performance was evaluated under static and dynamic conditions using ACT solutions prepared in tap water as the matrix. As a result, the sensor achieved a detection limit of 9.3 mg/L, proving to be a viable alternative for quantifying emerging concerns in water. Finally, we show how simple but robust sensor models could enhance the performance of online measurements.