Biofilms: A cause for the development of cancer: A review

Abstract

Cancer is one of the most complex, multifaceted diseases and continues to be the most potent challenge to human health in contemporary history. For centuries, genetic and environmental conditions have been recognized as major contributing factors to this disease, and increasing research has shown that microbial biofilms may play crucial roles in carcinogenesis. Biofilms have been associated with infectious diseases for several decades, but research currently in progress has proven that biofilms play a role in many forms of cancer and may, therefore, be a link between microbial colonization and tumorigenesis. Biofilms stimulate the immune system by releasing proinflammatory cytokines as well as reactive oxygen species. In addition, drug resistance and cancer have been widely attributed to the role of biofilm-forming bacteria. The presence of biofilms in the tumor reduces the degree of immunity and prevents the therapeutic effects of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs. In addition, bacterial resistance to antibiotics can exacerbate issues related to treatment strategies. This need has led to the study of the role played by biofilms in constructing the tumor microenvironment so that novel therapies targeting cancer cells and microbial communities can be discovered. By elucidating the interlinkage between microbial communities and tumors, researchers may uncover new opportunities for early diagnosis, risk stratification, and intervention plans. This review explores the relationship between biofilms and cancer, outlines the mechanisms by which biofilms promote cancer, and discusses implications for cancer prevention and treatment.