Understanding selenoproteins: Structural insights, biological functions and transformative applications in therapeutics

Abstract

Present study summarizes the key role of selenoproteins in biological processes, their therapeutic potential, and the implications of their dysfunction in various diseases. Selenoproteins play a vital role in various biological functions, including antioxidative defense, thyroid hormone metabolism, and redox balance maintenance. These proteins are critical for immune responses, muscle development, and cellular integrity. Sophisticated techniques like X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry have been used to characterize their structures and interactions. Selenoproteins have promising applications in medicine as therapeutic agents and nutritional supplements for cancer, cardiovascular disorders, immune function, mitochondrial health, and neurodegenerative diseases. Deficiencies in dietary selenium or mutations in selenoproteins can lead to disorders such as cancer, Kashin-Beck disease, Keshan disease, atherosclerosis, and DNA damage. This review covers the occurrence, diversity, biological roles, and therapeutic potential of selenoproteins in health and disease. In conclusion, selenoproteins are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis and overall health, with their diverse biological roles, therapeutic potential, and association with various diseases. Future research should focus on further elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying selenoprotein function, optimizing their therapeutic applications, and exploring novel strategies for preventing and treating selenoprotein-related diseases.