Electrochemical carbon-based sensors for non-enzymatic uric acid sensing

Abstract

Given the clinical importance of uric acid (UA) in various metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, there is an urgent need for the development of reliable monitoring methods. Biosensors have emerged as a promising diagnostic platform for continuous bedside UA monitoring. Recent advancements in novel electrocatalysts, enzyme immobilization strategies, and flexible sensing platforms have significantly enhanced these biosensors’ sensitivity, specificity, and portability. A key area of focus is the development of smart nanomaterials that mimic enzyme action without compromising the electrochemical response for UA detection. This review explores the current landscape of nanomaterials, particularly carbon-based nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon dots, and carbon black, for non-enzymatic UA sensing. It offers comprehensive insights into the latest progress in carbon-based nanomaterials, their performance in point-of-care analysis systems for UA monitoring, the challenges faced, and future directions for clinical implementation.