A highly realistic hydrogel-based simulated vascular model for Surgical Hemostasis training

Abstract

Hemostasis is a fundamental skill required of all surgeons. Integrating 3D printing technology allows for the creation of intuitive, accurate, and personalized vascular anatomical models, providing valuable support for hemostasis training. However, traditional training models face limitations due to ethical concerns and the inability to replicate precise biomechanical properties. In this work, we combined modeling, validation, and training to develop a hydrogel-based vascular model constructed from acrylamide (AM) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). This hydrogel accurately replicates the mechanical properties, wet slipperiness, and electrical conductivity of natural blood vessels, making it suitable for training in suturing, ultrasonic scalpel hemostasis, and electrocautery hemostasis. In preliminary trials, 15 participants underwent surgical training using the model, and experts conducted a rigorous assessment of the bleeding model. The results demonstrate that training with hydrogel vascular replicas helps surgeons understand and manage various bleeding scenarios, enabling faster and more accurate decision-making in real surgical settings.