Nature-Derived Flame Retardant for Cotton Fabrics with Green Coconut Shells

Abstract

This study presents an eco-friendly flame-retardant solution for cellulosic fabrics using green coconut shell (GCS) extract and phytic acid (PA). Cellulosic materials are highly flammable and release harmful gases during combustion. Conventional flame retardants may pose environmental and health risks while impacting the fabric quality. GCS extract is a rich source of tannins, phosphorus, silicates, metallic salts, and oxides and is explored as a novel flame retardant (FR) for cotton fabrics. Cotton samples were pretreated with PA and then with varying concentrations of GCS extract using a padding technique. Comprehensive characterization followed, including limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), burning time tests, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), tensile strength, and wash durability assessments. The treated samples exhibited improved flame resistance properties, with LOI values increasing from 18 to 29.5. TGA results indicated enhanced thermal stability, while FTIR analysis confirmed higher phenolic hydroxyl content in treated samples. SEM imaging verified GCS extract deposition and EDX analysis revealed key elements such as Na, Al, P, S, K, and Ca on the treated surfaces. The combination of GCS extract and PA offered a sustainable and effective flame-retardant solution for cellulosic fabrics. The naturally sourced elements help to enhance fire resistance while preserving environmental and material integrity.