Sociodemographic, political, and policy contexts of cancer care: A comparative analysis of countries with the highest survival rates

Abstract

Introduction

Cancer remains a leading cause of mortality, with 20 million new cases and 10 million deaths in 2022 (WHO). Despite advances in detection and treatment, structural inequalities affect exposure to risk factors and healthcare access. This study compares the cancer care policy contexts of five countries with the highest five-year survival rates.

Methods

This qualitative review examines cancer care policies in Australia, Canada, Costa Rica, Belgium, and Japan countries through a critical comparative approach. Data was gathered from official and international documents, focusing on four domains: socio-demographic characteristics, socio-political traditions, health systems, and cancer policies.

Results

The countries share high life expectancy, and education, while face similar population challenges. Australia and Canada have implemented telemedicine and mobile services to address the needs of dispersed rural populations, while Belgium and Japan ensure equitable access in dense areas. All countries integrate public-private partnerships, and adapt governance structures to contexts, under a strong welfare state with universal health coverage. Cancer policies are characterised by participatory processes that emphasise equity, accessibility, and innovation

Policy summary

The study identifies consistent patterns in cancer care policies, highlighting contributing factors to high survival rates. Participatory and bottom-up policy design enables responses to complex contexts. Strategies focus on financial sustainability, equity, cultural relevance, and territorial adaptation. An innovative framework for assessing cancer care policy contexts is introduced.