The Immunomodulatory Role of Estrogen in Malaria: A Review of Sex Differences and Therapeutic Implications

IF 3.1 4区 医学 Q3 IMMUNOLOGY
Ye Wu, Ying-Chun Chen, Fang-Fang Liu, Ke Li
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Malaria remains a significant global health challenge, with substantial mortality rates, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. A notable sexual dimorphism exists in malaria, with males often experiencing higher infection and mortality rates compared to females.

Objective

This review explores the role of estrogen in modulating immune responses to malaria, potentially explaining the observed sex differences. Estrogen, through its receptors, influences immune cell activation and cytokine production, which are critical in the immune response to malaria.

Results

Utilizing data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, we analyzed sex differences in malaria burden in Central Sub-Saharan Africa from 2000 to 2021, revealing a significantly lower mortality burden for females compared to males. Epidemiological data and animal model results support the notion that estrogen plays a significant role in modulating immune responses to malaria. Estrogen receptors are widely expressed in immune cells, and estrogen can influence the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of these cells, thereby affecting cytokine production and immune response type. Additionally, selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) show potential as therapeutic agents, with some studies demonstrating their efficacy in reducing parasitemia and improving malaria outcomes.

Conclusion

Understanding the sex differences in the pathogenesis of malaria is crucial for its prevention, treatment, and vaccine development. Estrogen's role in immune regulation highlights the need for sex-specific approaches in disease management.

Abstract Image

雌激素在疟疾中的免疫调节作用:性别差异及其治疗意义的综述。
背景:疟疾仍然是一个重大的全球卫生挑战,死亡率很高,特别是在热带和亚热带地区。疟疾存在明显的两性二态性,男性的感染率和死亡率往往高于女性。目的:本综述探讨了雌激素在调节疟疾免疫反应中的作用,可能解释观察到的性别差异。雌激素通过其受体影响免疫细胞的激活和细胞因子的产生,这在疟疾免疫反应中是至关重要的。结果:利用全球疾病负担(GBD)研究的数据,我们分析了2000年至2021年撒哈拉以南非洲中部疟疾负担的性别差异,发现女性死亡率负担明显低于男性。流行病学数据和动物模型结果支持雌激素在调节疟疾免疫反应中发挥重要作用的观点。雌激素受体在免疫细胞中广泛表达,雌激素可以影响这些细胞的激活、增殖和分化,从而影响细胞因子的产生和免疫应答类型。此外,选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs)显示出作为治疗剂的潜力,一些研究表明它们在减少寄生虫病和改善疟疾预后方面具有功效。结论:了解疟疾发病机制的性别差异对疟疾的预防、治疗和疫苗开发具有重要意义。雌激素在免疫调节中的作用突出了疾病管理中性别特异性方法的必要性。
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来源期刊
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease
Immunity, Inflammation and Disease Medicine-Immunology and Allergy
CiteScore
3.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
146
审稿时长
8 weeks
期刊介绍: Immunity, Inflammation and Disease is a peer-reviewed, open access, interdisciplinary journal providing rapid publication of research across the broad field of immunology. Immunity, Inflammation and Disease gives rapid consideration to papers in all areas of clinical and basic research. The journal is indexed in Medline and the Science Citation Index Expanded (part of Web of Science), among others. It welcomes original work that enhances the understanding of immunology in areas including: • cellular and molecular immunology • clinical immunology • allergy • immunochemistry • immunogenetics • immune signalling • immune development • imaging • mathematical modelling • autoimmunity • transplantation immunology • cancer immunology
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