Exploring Lead-Free (Guanidinium)3Bi2Br9 Perovskite-Type Crystal toward X-Ray Detection with an Ultralow Detection Limit

Abstract

Lead-free bismuth halogen perovskites have emerged as a promising candidate for high-performance X-ray detection, owing to their unique properties of bulk resistivity, significant X-ray absorption capabilities and diminished ion migration. Herein, using the facile low-temperature solution method, we obtained a large-size single crystal of (guanidinium)₃Bi₂Br₉ (GBB), which adopts a zero-dimensional (0D) inorganic perovskite-like framework. The as-grown crystals show high resistivity (3.51×10¹² Ω cm), low trap density (1.14×10¹⁰ cm⁻³) and large carrier mobility-lifetime product (μτ=1.13×10⁻³ cm² V⁻¹) under X-ray irradiation. Strikingly, the X-ray detectors fabricated on GBB single crystals exhibit notable performances including low dark current drift, high sensitivity of ~1645.7 μC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻², and ultralow detection limit of ~0.85 nGy_air s⁻¹. This detection limit is among the lowest level for the reported 0D perovskite X-ray detectors. This study illuminates the prospective research into novel lead-free hybrid perovskites for the advancement of high-performance detectors of irradiation.