Cadmium Pollution Deteriorates the Muscle Quality of Labeo rohita by Altering Its Nutrients and Intestinal Microbiota Diversity.

Abstract

The detrimental effects of cadmium (Cd), a hazardous heavy metal, on fish have triggered global concerns. While the ecotoxicity of Cd on fish has been investigated, the impact of Cd on muscle quality and its correlation with the gut microbiota in fish remains scarce. To comprehensively uncover Cd effects based on preliminary muscle Cd deposition, relevant studies, and ecological Cd pollution data, we exposed Labeo rohita to Cd under concentrations of 0.00 (control), 0.05, and 0.40 mg/L for 30 days and assessed fish health, muscle quality, and intestinal bacterial diversity. We observed significant Cd bioaccumulation in the fish muscle and intestine at 0.40 mg/L treatment, adversely impacting fish health with lower growth indices, higher mortality, behavioral aberrations, and clinical anomalies. More interestingly, Cd exposure decreased muscle quality by reducing nutrient levels, including fat, protein, iron, zinc, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and increasing free amino acids and saturated fatty acids. Elevated oxidative stress markers, including total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), were detected in the muscles, indicating degraded quality as a result of damage to cellular structures including proteins, lipids, and DNA. Simultaneously, we found Cd exposure altered fish intestinal microbial diversity, impairing muscle nutrient assimilation, thereby influencing muscle quality. Functional predictions suggested a decrease in pathways related to fermentation and chemoheterotrophy in the exposed groups. Overall, this study highlights how Cd toxicity jeopardizes fish health and deteriorates muscle quality which needs to be addressed for human benefit.