{"title":"Tardive Syndromes: A Challenging Multitude of Maladies.","authors":"Ranjot Kaur, Vaibhav Patil, Ayush Agarwal, Achal K Srivastava, Divyani Garg","doi":"10.4103/aian.aian_657_24","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Abstract: </strong>\"Tardive syndrome\" is an umbrella term for a group of drug-induced movement disorders associated with the prolonged use of mainly dopamine receptor blockers and also other medications. Early recognition followed by gradual withdrawal of the incriminating drug may lead to reversal, although not in all patients. Tardive syndromes are usually mixed movement disorders, with specific phenotypes, which may lead to severe disability. The pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Treatment ranges from medical options, particularly dopamine-depleting agents and chemodenervation (botulinum toxin), to surgical options (deep brain stimulation and lesioning surgeries). Most studies that focused on treatment are limited by small patient numbers. Unfortunately, tardive syndromes often remain under-recognized in clinical practice. This article reviews the historical aspects, epidemiology and risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical phenotypes, and management of tardive syndromes.</p>","PeriodicalId":8036,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4103/aian.aian_657_24","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CLINICAL NEUROLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Abstract: "Tardive syndrome" is an umbrella term for a group of drug-induced movement disorders associated with the prolonged use of mainly dopamine receptor blockers and also other medications. Early recognition followed by gradual withdrawal of the incriminating drug may lead to reversal, although not in all patients. Tardive syndromes are usually mixed movement disorders, with specific phenotypes, which may lead to severe disability. The pathophysiology remains incompletely understood. Treatment ranges from medical options, particularly dopamine-depleting agents and chemodenervation (botulinum toxin), to surgical options (deep brain stimulation and lesioning surgeries). Most studies that focused on treatment are limited by small patient numbers. Unfortunately, tardive syndromes often remain under-recognized in clinical practice. This article reviews the historical aspects, epidemiology and risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical phenotypes, and management of tardive syndromes.
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The journal has a clinical foundation and has been utilized most by clinical neurologists for improving the practice of neurology. While the focus is on neurology in India, the journal publishes manuscripts of high value from all parts of the world. Journal publishes reviews of various types, original articles, short communications, interesting images and case reports. The journal respects the scientific submission of its authors and believes in following an expeditious double-blind peer review process and endeavors to complete the review process within scheduled time frame. A significant effort from the author and the journal perhaps enables to strike an equilibrium to meet the professional expectations of the peers in the world of scientific publication. AIAN believes in safeguarding the privacy rights of human subjects. In order to comply with it, the journal instructs all authors when uploading the manuscript to also add the ethical clearance (human/animals)/ informed consent of subject in the manuscript. This applies to the study/case report that involves animal/human subjects/human specimens e.g. extracted tooth part/soft tissue for biopsy/in vitro analysis.
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