Warming-driven migration of enterotypes mediates host health and disease statuses in ectotherm Litopenaeus vannamei.

Abstract

Global warming has threatened all-rounded hierarchical biosphere by reconstructing eco-structure and bringing biodiversity variations. Pacific white shrimp, a successful model of worldwide utilizing marine ectothermic resources, is facing huge losses due to multiple diseases relevant to intestinal microbiota (IM) dysbiosis during temperature fluctuation. However, how warming mediates shrimp health remains poorly understood. Herein, a global shrimp IM catalogue was conducted via 1,369 shrimp IM data from nine countries, including 918 samples from previously published data and 451 generated in the study. Shrimp IMs were stratified into three enterotypes with distinctive compositions and functions, dominated by Vibrio, Shewanella and Candidatus Bacilloplasma, which showed an obvious distribution bias between enterotypes and diseases. The ratio of Vibrio and Candidatus Bacilloplasma was a crucial indicator for shrimp health. Moreover, temperature was the most driving factor for microbial composition, which potentially led to the migration of enterotypes, and high probability of white feces syndrome and low risk of hepatopancreas necrosis syndrome. Collectively, the warming-driven enterotypes mediated shrimp health, which exemplified the causal relationship between temperature rising and ectothermic animals' health. These findings enlarged the cognition of shrimp health culture management from a microecological perspective, and alerted the inevitable challenge of global warming to ectothermic animals.