Laura Palagini, Pierre-Alexis Geoffroy, Raffaele Manni, Angelo Gemignani
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Abstract
Insomnia disorder is a frequent sleep disorder leading to significant health and economic consequences. It has been proposed that individuals with insomnia may experience compromised deactivation systems of arousal, leading to a chronic state of hyperactivation of arousal known as hyperarousal, along with instability in the flip-flop system. Such disruptions may have a primarily impact on the sleep homeostatic drive process. Insomnia may indeed be associated with a disruption in the body's internal clock, known as chronodisruption. Despite the differentiation established in diagnostic nosology between insomnia disorder and circadian rhythm disorders, there is a significant body of evidence suggesting a complex interplay and frequent co-occurrence between these two conditions. In particular, circadian factors can predispose individuals to insomnia disorders, as well as precipitate and perpetuate their symptoms. Accordingly numerous pieces of evidence suggest that both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic options for treating insomnia can have a resynchronization effect on circadian rhythms. The first-line treatment for chronic insomnia, according to current guidelines, is cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia while pharmacologic interventions comprise of benzodiazepine receptor agonists also known as Z-drugs and short- to medium-acting benzodiazepines, melatonergic agonists such as ramelteon and melatonin 2mg prolonged release, and dual orexin receptor antagonists such as daridorexant, suvorexant, and lemborexant. At the same time, certain therapies recommended for circadian rhythm disorders can be utilized as adjunctive treatments for insomnia. Therefore, this chapter will discuss the circadian aspects of insomnia disorder and of its therapeutic approach. Furthermore, the effects of chronobiologic interventions, recommended for the treatment of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, will be examined in individuals afflicted with chronic insomnia.
期刊介绍：
The Handbook of Clinical Neurology (HCN) was originally conceived and edited by Pierre Vinken and George Bruyn as a prestigious, multivolume reference work that would cover all the disorders encountered by clinicians and researchers engaged in neurology and allied fields. The first series of the Handbook (Volumes 1-44) was published between 1968 and 1982 and was followed by a second series (Volumes 45-78), guided by the same editors, which concluded in 2002. By that time, the Handbook had come to represent one of the largest scientific works ever published. In 2002, Professors Michael J. Aminoff, François Boller, and Dick F. Swaab took on the responsibility of supervising the third (current) series, the first volumes of which published in 2003. They have designed this series to encompass both clinical neurology and also the basic and clinical neurosciences that are its underpinning. Given the enormity and complexity of the accumulating literature, it is almost impossible to keep abreast of developments in the field, thus providing the raison d''être for the series. The series will thus appeal to clinicians and investigators alike, providing to each an added dimension. Now, more than 140 volumes after it began, the Handbook of Clinical Neurology series has an unparalleled reputation for providing the latest information on fundamental research on the operation of the nervous system in health and disease, comprehensive clinical information on neurological and related disorders, and up-to-date treatment protocols.
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