Indonesia’s country-specific CO2 emission factor based on gas fuels for greenhouse gas inventory in the energy sector

IF 7.6 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125749

Leni Herlina, Devitra Saka Rani, Tri Muji Susantoro, , Abdul Haris, Efa Yenti, Roza Adriany, , , Nurul Hidayati, Rudi Suhartono, Atyanto Daru Atmoko, Arie Rahmadi, Dewi Istiyanie, Syntha Nardey, Novie Ardhyarini

{"title":"Indonesia’s country-specific CO2 emission factor based on gas fuels for greenhouse gas inventory in the energy sector","authors":"Leni Herlina, Devitra Saka Rani, Tri Muji Susantoro, , Abdul Haris, Efa Yenti, Roza Adriany, , , Nurul Hidayati, Rudi Suhartono, Atyanto Daru Atmoko, Arie Rahmadi, Dewi Istiyanie, Syntha Nardey, Novie Ardhyarini","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125749","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia currently calculates CO2 emissions from gas fuels using Tier 1 emission factors adopted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, this method may not accurately capture the country's specific emission characteristics. To address this, this study aims to derive country-specific CO2 emission factors for gas fuels, including liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied gas for vehicles (LGV), natural gas (NG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG), by analyzing fuel samples collected nationwide. A total of 128 LPG samples from 25 regions, 5 LGV samples from 2 regions, 23 NG samples from 11 regions, and 2 LNG samples from 2 regions were analyzed. Emission factors were determined based on gas composition, carbon content, and net calorific value. The uncertainties were calculated to reflect the contributions of all key parameters in the emission factor calculation. The results show that LPG has the highest EF Tier 2, while LNG has the lowest. The average country-specific CO2 emission factors for Indonesia are 65.41 ± 0.67 tCO2/TJ for LPG, 64.89 ± 0.07 tCO2/TJ for LGV, 57.64 ± 10.18 tCO2/TJ for NG, and 57.27 ± 9.50 tCO2/TJ for LNG. We expect stakeholders to incorporate these EF Tier 2 values into greenhouse gas reporting, enabling more accurate assessments of carbon footprints, supporting evidence-based policymaking, and strengthening Indonesia’s climate action efforts.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"297 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125749","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Indonesia currently calculates CO₂ emissions from gas fuels using Tier 1 emission factors adopted from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). However, this method may not accurately capture the country's specific emission characteristics. To address this, this study aims to derive country-specific CO₂ emission factors for gas fuels, including liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied gas for vehicles (LGV), natural gas (NG), and liquefied natural gas (LNG), by analyzing fuel samples collected nationwide. A total of 128 LPG samples from 25 regions, 5 LGV samples from 2 regions, 23 NG samples from 11 regions, and 2 LNG samples from 2 regions were analyzed. Emission factors were determined based on gas composition, carbon content, and net calorific value. The uncertainties were calculated to reflect the contributions of all key parameters in the emission factor calculation. The results show that LPG has the highest EF Tier 2, while LNG has the lowest. The average country-specific CO₂ emission factors for Indonesia are 65.41 ± 0.67 tCO₂/TJ for LPG, 64.89 ± 0.07 tCO₂/TJ for LGV, 57.64 ± 10.18 tCO₂/TJ for NG, and 57.27 ± 9.50 tCO₂/TJ for LNG. We expect stakeholders to incorporate these EF Tier 2 values into greenhouse gas reporting, enabling more accurate assessments of carbon footprints, supporting evidence-based policymaking, and strengthening Indonesia’s climate action efforts.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.