A cooperation mechanism between Bacillus thuringiensis and Citrobacter freundii that enhances cadmium biomineralization

IF 12.2 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Journal of Hazardous Materials Pub Date : 2025-01-25 DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.137354

Qian Cai, Wandong Zhao, Jinping Wang, Gang Yang, Ricardo Amils, José M. Martínez, Guillermo Mateos, Ignacio Carrasco-Ropero, Jun Wu, Min Xu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The viability and tolerance of individual ureolytic bacteria are a bottleneck in the remediation of cadmium (Cd) by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) technology. To solve this issue, strains of Bacillus thuringiensis (B. thuringiensis, BT) and Citrobacter freundii (C. freundii, CF) were isolated from soil and studied for their growth characteristics and metabolism. A cooperation system (BT+CF, 1:1, v/v) was constructed and exposed to 20 mg/kg Cd²⁺ for 7 days, compared with individual bacteria. The synergistic mechanism of strains that immobilize Cd²⁺ was explored using characterization techniques. Results showed that the main metabolic pathways leading to urea up-regulation were pyrimidine metabolism, urea cycle, and lysine degradation by metabolomic analysis. The cooperation system can effectively remove Cd²⁺ with an efficiency of 97.68%, which is higher than BT (66.66%) and CF (88.61%). The SEM-EDS, TEM, and XPS results revealed that the calcium carbonate polycrystals (vaterite and calcite) were formed during the MICP process, and the XRD and FTIR confirmed that the BT+CF produces more stable carbonate crystals. The BT+CF cooperation system was efficient at immobilizing Cd²⁺ by synergizing the molecular mechanisms of ureolytic bacteria. These results provide a novel perspective for the application of MICP.

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来源期刊

Journal of Hazardous Materials 工程技术-工程：环境

CiteScore

25.40

自引率

5.90%

发文量

3059

审稿时长

58 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Hazardous Materials serves as a global platform for promoting cutting-edge research in the field of Environmental Science and Engineering. Our publication features a wide range of articles, including full-length research papers, review articles, and perspectives, with the aim of enhancing our understanding of the dangers and risks associated with various materials concerning public health and the environment. It is important to note that the term "environmental contaminants" refers specifically to substances that pose hazardous effects through contamination, while excluding those that do not have such impacts on the environment or human health. Moreover, we emphasize the distinction between wastes and hazardous materials in order to provide further clarity on the scope of the journal. We have a keen interest in exploring specific compounds and microbial agents that have adverse effects on the environment.