Analysis of multi-class unregulated organic compounds in soil and biosolids using LC-MS/MS

IF 7.6 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2025-01-24 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125727

Rodrigo Alvarez-Ruiz , YounJeong Choi , M. Christina Schilling Costello , Linda S. Lee

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Abstract

Numerous unregulated organic compounds (UOCs) including pharmaceuticals, opioids, and personal care products (PCPs) end up in wastewater. UOC presence in biosolids (a wastewater treatment byproduct), which are applied to soil for different reasons raises environmental and health risk concerns. In this study, two multi-class extraction methods were developed and validated to target 111 UOCs from 8 different major families simultaneously in biosolids and biosolids-impacted soil. One method (M-SPE) is a modified version of EPA 1694, that uses triple solid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction (SPE). The second method (EMR) is a super-fast method consisting in a single solvent extraction and EMR (enhanced matrix removal)-Lipid dispersive SPE. M-SPE performed better overall with 72 and 54 UOCs extracted with 50–130% recovery for soil and biosolids, respectively, compared to EMR for which only 49 and 43 UOCs achieved within the same range, respectively. EMR performed particularly well for the extraction of low concentration opioids from biosolids. The use of ENVI-Carb as an additional cleanup step and its potential to sorb analytes was also evaluated. Although >75% sorption of 27 UOCs occurred, ENVI-Carb (graphitized carbon) was needed to sufficiently clean extracts prior to injection to avoid precipitation and protect analytical systems. Application of these methods to environmental samples resulted in detection of some flame retardants, opioids, pharmaceuticals, PCPs and phthalates totaling 30 and 26 UOCs in biosolids and soil historically applied with biosolids, respectively. This methodology will be an asset to determining UOC concentrations in biosolids and biosolids-impacted soils.

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LC-MS/MS分析土壤和生物固体中多类无管制有机化合物

许多不受管制的有机化合物（UOCs），包括药物，阿片类药物和个人护理产品（pcp）最终进入废水。生物固体（一种废水处理副产品）由于不同的原因被应用于土壤，而生物固体中UOC的存在引起了对环境和健康风险的关注。本研究开发并验证了两种多级提取方法，可同时在生物固体和受生物固体影响的土壤中提取8个主要科的111种uoc。其中一种方法（M-SPE）是EPA 1694的改良版，采用固液萃取和固相萃取（SPE）三重萃取。第二种方法（EMR）是一种由单溶剂萃取和EMR（增强基质去除）-脂质分散SPE组成的超快速方法。M-SPE在土壤和生物固体中分别提取了72种和54种uoc，回收率为50-130%，而EMR在相同范围内分别仅提取了49种和43种uoc。EMR在从生物固体中提取低浓度阿片类药物方面表现得特别好。此外，还评估了env - carb作为附加清理步骤的使用及其吸附分析物的潜力。虽然比;27种uoc有75%的吸附，注射前需要使用env - carb（石墨化碳）对萃取物进行充分清洁，以避免沉淀，保护分析系统。将这些方法应用于环境样品中，在生物固体和历史上使用过生物固体的土壤中分别检测到阻燃剂、阿片类药物、药物、pcp和邻苯二甲酸盐，共计29和22种uoc。该方法将有助于确定生物固体和受生物固体影响的土壤中的UOC浓度。

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来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.