Socioeconomic and Environmental Impacts of Eucalyptus Plantations in Ethiopia: An Evaluation of Benefits, Challenges, and Sustainable Practices.

Abstract

Eucalyptus was first introduced to Ethiopia in the late 19^th century to address the scarcity of firewood and construction wood in the capital city. Since then, it has spread across the country and has become an important source of income for many households while also reducing the need for deforestation. Despite concerns raised by environmentalists about its eco-hydrological impact, the plantation has expanded to cover a vast area of the nation, including farmlands and mountainous regions. Currently, around 506,000 hectares of land in Ethiopia are covered by Eucalyptus plantations. The growth of Eucalyptus plantations can be attributed to various socioeconomic, ecological, and biological factors, including the increasing demand for wood and wood products. However, this growth has also led to negative environmental consequences such as reduced surface and groundwater flow, decreased crop productivity, soil fertility degradation and depletion, and high water consumption, which can result in water scarcity. To address these environmental impacts, it is essential to select appropriate species and sites and implement proper silvicultural and land use planning before planting. Additionally, promoting renewable energy sources and planting environmentally sound fast-growing indigenous and exotic tree species can help reduce the adverse effects of Eucalyptus on the environment.