Formaldehyde-free wood bio-adhesives from sewage sludge: Role of ammonium polyphosphate

IF 13.3 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, CHEMICAL

Chemical Engineering Journal Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2025.159805

Han-Song Zhu, Yi Tan, Xiao-Bin Dong, Fan Gao, Huan Yang, Zhi-Xiang Xu, Rafael Luque

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Abstract

A novel formaldehyde-free wood bio-adhesive with remarkable flame resistance has been developed using hydrochar derived from sewage sludge (SS). The extracellular polymeric substances in SS are further broken down during hydrothermal carbonization via catalysis by layered double oxides (LDO). This process leads to more organic matter transferring into the aqueous phase and the formation of low-molecule-weight compounds. Simultaneously, LDO is converted into layered double hydroxides (LDH) as a flame-retardant. However, due to the formation of low-molecule-weight compounds, the resulting bio-adhesive exhibited poor wet shear strength (0.37 MPa). To address this issue, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was introduced into the formulation, significantly improving the bio-adhesive’s wet shear strength to 1.00 MPa, which meets the Chinese national standard GB/T 9846–2015 (≥0.7 MPa). The enhanced performance is attributed to the reaction between APP and the organic matter on the surface of hydrochar to form macromolecular compounds. The combination of LDH and APP imparts excellent flame-retardant properties to the bio-adhesive, making it a significant advancement in the valorization of hydrochar from SS. This research presents a novel and sustainable approach to converting waste materials into valuable products.

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从污水污泥中提取无甲醛木材生物胶粘剂：聚磷酸铵的作用

以污水污泥为原料，开发了一种新型的无甲醛木材生物胶粘剂。胞外聚合物质在水热碳化过程中通过层状双氧化物（LDO）的催化进一步分解。这一过程导致更多的有机物质转移到水相，并形成低分子量化合物。同时，LDO被转化为层状双氢氧化物（LDH）作为阻燃剂。然而，由于形成了低分子量化合物，所得到的生物粘合剂表现出较差的湿抗剪强度（0.37 MPa）。为解决这一问题，在配方中加入聚磷酸铵（APP），显著提高了生物胶的湿抗剪强度，达到1.00 MPa，符合中国国家标准GB/T 9846-2015（≥0.7 MPa）。这种性能的增强是由于APP与烃类表面的有机物发生反应形成大分子化合物。LDH和APP的结合使生物粘合剂具有优异的阻燃性能，使其在SS碳氢化合物的增值方面取得了重大进展。该研究为将废物转化为有价值的产品提供了一种新颖且可持续的方法。

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来源期刊

Chemical Engineering Journal 工程技术-工程：化工

CiteScore

21.70

自引率

9.30%

发文量

6781

审稿时长

2.4 months

期刊介绍： The Chemical Engineering Journal is an international research journal that invites contributions of original and novel fundamental research. It aims to provide an international platform for presenting original fundamental research, interpretative reviews, and discussions on new developments in chemical engineering. The journal welcomes papers that describe novel theory and its practical application, as well as those that demonstrate the transfer of techniques from other disciplines. It also welcomes reports on carefully conducted experimental work that is soundly interpreted. The main focus of the journal is on original and rigorous research results that have broad significance. The Catalysis section within the Chemical Engineering Journal focuses specifically on Experimental and Theoretical studies in the fields of heterogeneous catalysis, molecular catalysis, and biocatalysis. These studies have industrial impact on various sectors such as chemicals, energy, materials, foods, healthcare, and environmental protection.