Modulation effects of folic acid and vitamin D on the relationships between prenatal cumulative phthalate exposure and preschoolers’ emotional and behavioral problems

IF 10.3 1区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environment International Pub Date : 2025-02-01 DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109284

Li-wen Chen , Xin Chen , Chen Han , Bei-bei Zhu , Yi-fan Wang , Yuan Liu , Min-min Jiang , Ya-fei Wang , Chun-han Shan , Hua-yan Mo , Kun Huang , Hui Gao , Fang-biao Tao

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Abstract

Background

The results of current population-based studies exploring the effects of prenatal phthalate exposure on children’s behavioral problems are not completely consistent. In addition, it is not clear whether vitamins improve phthalate-induced health risks.

Methods

This study was based on the Ma’anshan Birth Cohort, which included 2910 mother-child pairs. To assess children’s behavior, we used the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). A latent category growth model was used to model the scores of each subscale of the SDQ. Quantile g-computation and Bayesian kernel machine regression were applied to analyze the effect of prenatal cumulative phthalate exposure.

Results

Prenatal cumulative phthalate exposure was associated with the “borderline and abnormal emotional symptoms” trajectory (β = 0.146, 95 % CI = −0.0003, 0.292), affecting girls more in emotional areas, and boys in conduct areas. There was an interaction effect between folic acid supplementation, vitamin D levels and phthalate mixtures on the risk of abnormal emotional behavior in children, which was reflected mainly in prosocial behavior and conduct problems.

Conclusions

Prenatal cumulative phthalate exposure increased the risk of abnormal emotional symptoms in children, and there were sex differences. The duration of folic acid supplementation and vitamin D level can affect the effects of cumulative phthalate exposure on emotion and behavior.

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叶酸和维生素D在产前邻苯二甲酸酯暴露与学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题关系中的调节作用

目前以人群为基础的关于产前邻苯二甲酸盐暴露对儿童行为问题影响的研究结果并不完全一致。此外，目前尚不清楚维生素是否能改善邻苯二甲酸盐引起的健康风险。方法本研究基于马鞍山出生队列，包括2910对母子。为了评估儿童的行为，我们使用了优势与困难问卷（SDQ）。使用潜在类别增长模型对SDQ各子量表的得分进行建模。分位数g计算和贝叶斯核机回归分析了产前累积邻苯二甲酸盐暴露的影响。结果产前邻苯二甲酸盐累积暴露与“边缘性和异常性情绪症状”轨迹相关（β = 0.146,95 % CI = −0.0003,0.292），女孩多见于情绪区，男孩多见于行为区。叶酸补充、维生素D水平和邻苯二甲酸盐混合物对儿童异常情绪行为风险存在交互作用，主要体现在亲社会行为和品行问题上。结论产前邻苯二甲酸盐暴露增加了儿童异常情绪症状的发生风险，且存在性别差异。叶酸补充的持续时间和维生素D水平会影响邻苯二甲酸盐累积暴露对情绪和行为的影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environment International 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

21.90

自引率

3.40%

发文量

734

审稿时长

2.8 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Health publishes manuscripts focusing on critical aspects of environmental and occupational medicine, including studies in toxicology and epidemiology, to illuminate the human health implications of exposure to environmental hazards. The journal adopts an open-access model and practices open peer review. It caters to scientists and practitioners across all environmental science domains, directly or indirectly impacting human health and well-being. With a commitment to enhancing the prevention of environmentally-related health risks, Environmental Health serves as a public health journal for the community and scientists engaged in matters of public health significance concerning the environment.