Physiological and transcriptomic responses of Chlorella vulgaris to novel antibacterial nanoparticles of ethyl cyanoacrylate polymer

IF 5.8 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Environmental Science: Nano Pub Date : 2025-01-22 DOI:10.1039/d4en00861h

Di Zhang, Keqing Liu, Chengcheng Feng, Xianmin Wang, Ayat J. S. Al-Azab, Han Lu, Haiyan Ma, Ying Tang, Li Xu, Takeshi Ohama, Fantao Kong

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The ethyl cyanoacrylate nanoparticles (ECA-NPs) have recently been reported as promising novel antibacterial NPs capable of inhibiting the growth of several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the effects of ECA-NPs on microalgae, which are primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, remain unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of ECA-NPs on the microalga Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorella) at both cellular and molecular levels. A high concentration of ECA-NPs (100 μg/mL) exhibited strong growth inhibitory effects on Chlorella. In the ECA-NPs-treated cells, transmission electron microscope (TEM) observations showed the prominent internalization of ECA-NPs in the periplasmic space and vacuoles. Moreover, notable morphological changes such as a thinner cell wall, stacked thylakoid structure, and plasmolysis were observed. ECA-NPs exposed Chlorella secreted more extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and accumulated more storage lipids (mainly triacylglycerol, TAG) compared to the control. However, the contents of total fatty acids and starch were decreased, and photosynthetic activity was reduced. In addition, the content of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in ECA-NPs-treated cells were significantly higher than in the control. Transcriptomic analysis revealed the downregulation of genes that are involved in drug binding/catabolic process, chemical stimulus detection, and cell wall component catabolic process (chitin catabolism), while genes involved in photosynthetic membrane and plastid thylakoid were upregulated. These results indicated that the effects of ECA-NPs exposure are not limited to specific metabolic pathways, but rather influence metabolic pathways across the entire cell. This study also provided new insights into the potential toxic effects associated with cyanoacrylate NPs in phytoplankton.

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普通小球藻对新型抗菌纳米颗粒氰丙烯酸乙酯聚合物的生理和转录组反应

氰基丙烯酸乙酯纳米颗粒（ECA-NPs）最近被报道为有前途的新型抗菌NPs，能够抑制几种革兰氏阳性和革兰氏阴性细菌的生长。然而，ECA-NPs对水生生态系统初级生产者微藻的影响尚不清楚。在这项研究中，我们研究了ECA-NPs在细胞和分子水平上对小球藻（Chlorella vulgaris）的影响。高浓度ECA-NPs （100 μg/mL）对小球藻有较强的生长抑制作用。透射电镜（TEM）观察发现，ECA-NPs在质周间隙和空泡内明显内化。此外，观察到细胞壁变薄、类囊体结构堆积、质溶解等形态学变化。与对照组相比，暴露于ECA-NPs的小球藻分泌更多的胞外聚合物质（EPS），积累更多的储存脂质（主要是三酰基甘油，TAG）。但总脂肪酸和淀粉含量降低，光合活性降低。此外，eca - nps处理的细胞内活性氧（ROS）含量和抗氧化酶活性均显著高于对照组。转录组学分析显示，参与药物结合/分解代谢过程、化学刺激检测和细胞壁成分分解代谢过程（几丁质分解代谢）的基因下调，而参与光合膜和质体类囊体的基因上调。这些结果表明，暴露于ECA-NPs的影响并不局限于特定的代谢途径，而是影响整个细胞的代谢途径。该研究还为浮游植物中氰基丙烯酸酯NPs的潜在毒性作用提供了新的见解。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Environmental Science: Nano CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY-ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

CiteScore

12.20

自引率

5.50%

发文量

290

审稿时长

2.1 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Science: Nano serves as a comprehensive and high-impact peer-reviewed source of information on the design and demonstration of engineered nanomaterials for environment-based applications. It also covers the interactions between engineered, natural, and incidental nanomaterials with biological and environmental systems. This scope includes, but is not limited to, the following topic areas: Novel nanomaterial-based applications for water, air, soil, food, and energy sustainability Nanomaterial interactions with biological systems and nanotoxicology Environmental fate, reactivity, and transformations of nanoscale materials Nanoscale processes in the environment Sustainable nanotechnology including rational nanomaterial design, life cycle assessment, risk/benefit analysis