Physiological and morphological scaling enables gigantism in pelagic protists

IF 3.8 1区 地球科学 Q1 LIMNOLOGY
Janet E. Burke, Leanne E. Elder, Amy E. Maas, Daniel E. Gaskell, Elizabeth G. Clark, Allison Y. Hsiang, Gavin L. Foster, Pincelli M. Hull
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Abstract

Planktonic foraminifera are pelagic protists frequently used to study paleoenvironmental change. Many planktonic foraminifera, like other taxa in Rhizaria, reach gigantic proportions relative to other pelagic protists (> 600 μm), placing them in a size class dominated by metazoans. Here, we combine new and existing respiration rate measurements, micro-CT scans, and test size measurements to investigate allometric scaling of metabolic rates, relative biomass density, and mixotrophy in contributing to the ability of planktonic foraminifera to reach large sizes. Respiration rate increases with foraminiferal biovolume with a slope of 0.51 ± 0.18. This allometric scaling slope is lower than those reported in other plankton. Further, the basal respiration rates for planktonic foraminifera exceed those of other organisms in their size class when probable biomass, rather than test volume, is considered. Using the allometric regression on a published database of modern planktonic foraminifera from the Atlantic Ocean, we estimate that gigantic individuals account for 15.3–26.1% of foraminiferal community respiration in temperate and tropical/subtropical latitudes, despite making up only 4.5–8.3% of individuals. We hypothesize that shallow scaling of test size with metabolism and of test size to actual biomass is the key factor allowing for gigantism in planktonic foraminifera. Having a large test and broadcasting rhizopodial networks increases the functional volume of the organism, allowing higher passive prey encounter rates to support the elevated metabolic rates in planktonic foraminifera. Mixotrophy may act as a mitigating factor for metabolic challenges at low latitudes, accounting for the presence of large populations of giant, predominately mixotrophic Rhizarians in these assemblages.

生理和形态上的缩放使远洋原生生物具有巨大性
浮游有孔虫是一种中上层原生生物,常用来研究古环境变化。与其他浮游原生动物相比,许多浮游有孔虫与根瘤纲的其他类群一样,体型巨大(> 600 μm),属于元古类占主导地位的体型类别。在这里,我们将新的和现有的呼吸速率测量、微型 CT 扫描和测试尺寸测量结合起来,研究新陈代谢速率、相对生物量密度和混合营养的异速缩放对浮游有孔虫达到大尺寸的能力所起的作用。呼吸速率随有孔虫生物体积的增加而增加,斜率为 0.51 ± 0.18。这个异速缩放斜率低于其他浮游生物。此外,如果考虑到可能的生物量而不是测试体积,浮游有孔虫的基础呼吸速率会超过其他同体型生物的呼吸速率。通过对已公布的大西洋现代浮游有孔虫数据库进行异速回归,我们估计巨大个体占温带和热带/亚热带纬度有孔虫群落呼吸作用的 15.3-26.1%,尽管它们只占个体总数的 4.5-8.3%。我们假设,浮游有孔虫巨型化的关键因素是测试大小与新陈代谢以及测试大小与实际生物量之间的浅比例关系。巨大的测试体和广播式根瘤网络增加了生物体的功能体积,使浮游有孔虫能够以更高的被动捕食率来支持较高的新陈代谢率。混养可能是缓解低纬度地区代谢挑战的一个因素,这也是这些生物群中存在大量巨型、以混养为主的有孔虫的原因。
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来源期刊
Limnology and Oceanography
Limnology and Oceanography 地学-海洋学
CiteScore
8.80
自引率
6.70%
发文量
254
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: Limnology and Oceanography (L&O; print ISSN 0024-3590, online ISSN 1939-5590) publishes original articles, including scholarly reviews, about all aspects of limnology and oceanography. The journal''s unifying theme is the understanding of aquatic systems. Submissions are judged on the originality of their data, interpretations, and ideas, and on the degree to which they can be generalized beyond the particular aquatic system examined. Laboratory and modeling studies must demonstrate relevance to field environments; typically this means that they are bolstered by substantial "real-world" data. Few purely theoretical or purely empirical papers are accepted for review.
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