Hydrochemical facies distribution, controlling mechanisms and Natural background concentrations of major pollutants in Ganga-Yamuna Interfluve Aquifer, India

IF 7.6 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2025-01-17 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125694

Izrar Ahmad, Saif Ahmad Khan, Mohd Shoeb, Saiful Islam, Md. Afzal Khan

{"title":"Hydrochemical facies distribution, controlling mechanisms and Natural background concentrations of major pollutants in Ganga-Yamuna Interfluve Aquifer, India","authors":"Izrar Ahmad, Saif Ahmad Khan, Mohd Shoeb, Saiful Islam, Md. Afzal Khan","doi":"10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125694","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Evolution of groundwater genesis in Central Ganga Plain (CGP) is scrutinized with due consideration of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic environment within Quaternary alluviums. Wide variation in hydrochemical facies in CGP indicates a dynamic hydro-geochemical environment influenced from the seasonal rainfall, return flows, canal seepages, and anthropogenic activities. The Ca-HCO3 facies retaining meteoric nature is characterized by shallow water levels, high recharge rate, high hydraulic conductivity, low salinity and trace elemental load. A noticeable increase in salinity and trace elemental load is reported as groundwater evolved from Ca-HCO3 to Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg-Cl-SO4, Ca-Na-HCO3 type and Na-Cl-SO4 types. The hydrochemical facies and bivariate plots infer Silicate and Carbonate weathering in a redox-ion exchange environment. The varying concentrations of radio-nuclides like U and Th in different hydrochemical facies depicts the migration attributed to oxidizing-reducing environment and acid-alkaline conditions. Aquifer heterogeneity and spatial variability of groundwater recharge sources including rainfall, return flows, canal seepages imparts changes that make it difficult to appoint sources. The shallow groundwater recharge zones are depleted in heavier isotopes (δ1⁸O: -12‰ to -7‰) advocating recharge primarily from precipitation and surface water. The concomitant occurrences of HCO3, Sr, and SiO2 ascribe genesis from geogenic source more precisely the silicate weathering. Reverse geochemical modelling shows that groundwater is saturated with chalcedony, quartz, barite, talc and under-saturated with anhydrite, gypsum, halite, and sylvite. Analyses including contamination evolution and PPI, point that NO3, Cl, SO4, Sr, As, Mn are common pollutants stemming particularly from agricultural activities and industrial effluents pose a serious threat to groundwater sustainability.","PeriodicalId":311,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Pollution","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":7.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Environmental Pollution","FirstCategoryId":"93","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2025.125694","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

Evolution of groundwater genesis in Central Ganga Plain (CGP) is scrutinized with due consideration of hydrochemical and hydrodynamic environment within Quaternary alluviums. Wide variation in hydrochemical facies in CGP indicates a dynamic hydro-geochemical environment influenced from the seasonal rainfall, return flows, canal seepages, and anthropogenic activities. The Ca-HCO₃ facies retaining meteoric nature is characterized by shallow water levels, high recharge rate, high hydraulic conductivity, low salinity and trace elemental load. A noticeable increase in salinity and trace elemental load is reported as groundwater evolved from Ca-HCO₃ to Ca-Mg-HCO₃, Ca-Mg-Cl-SO₄, Ca-Na-HCO₃ type and Na-Cl-SO₄ types. The hydrochemical facies and bivariate plots infer Silicate and Carbonate weathering in a redox-ion exchange environment. The varying concentrations of radio-nuclides like U and Th in different hydrochemical facies depicts the migration attributed to oxidizing-reducing environment and acid-alkaline conditions. Aquifer heterogeneity and spatial variability of groundwater recharge sources including rainfall, return flows, canal seepages imparts changes that make it difficult to appoint sources. The shallow groundwater recharge zones are depleted in heavier isotopes (δ¹⁸O: -12‰ to -7‰) advocating recharge primarily from precipitation and surface water. The concomitant occurrences of HCO₃, Sr, and SiO₂ ascribe genesis from geogenic source more precisely the silicate weathering. Reverse geochemical modelling shows that groundwater is saturated with chalcedony, quartz, barite, talc and under-saturated with anhydrite, gypsum, halite, and sylvite. Analyses including contamination evolution and PPI, point that NO₃, Cl, SO₄, Sr, As, Mn are common pollutants stemming particularly from agricultural activities and industrial effluents pose a serious threat to groundwater sustainability.

Abstract Image

查看原文本刊更多论文

求助全文

约1分钟内获得全文求助全文

来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.