Direct imaging of active galactic nucleus outflows and their origin with the 23 m Large Binocular Telescope

Abstract

Active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are a key component of galaxy evolution owing to feedback on the host from its supermassive black hole. The morphology of warm inflowing and outflowing dusty material can reveal the nature of the onset of feedback, AGN feeding and the unified model of AGN. Here we use the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer (LBTI) to image the dense, obscuring disk and extended dusty outflow region of NGC 1068. In Fizeau imaging mode, the LBTI synthesizes the equivalent resolution of a 22.8 m telescope. The 8.7 μm Fizeau images of NGC 1068 have an effective resolution of 47 × 90 mas (3.3 × 6.2 pc) in a 5″ field of view after performing point spread function deconvolution techniques described here. This is the only extragalactic source to be Fizeau imaged using the LBTI, and the images bridge the scales measured with the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (0.5–5 pc) and those of single telescopes such as James Webb Space Telescope and Keck (>15 pc). The images detect and spatially resolve the low surface brightness mid-infrared features in the AGN disk/wind region that are overresolved by the Very Large Telescope Interferometer. The images show strong correlation between mid-infrared dust emission and near-infrared emission of highly excited atomic lines observed by SINFONI. Such LBTI imaging is a precursor to infrared imaging using the upcoming generation of extremely large telescopes, with angular resolutions up to six times better than James Webb Space Telescope, the largest space telescope in orbit.