Association of early life co-exposure to ambient PM2.5 and O3 with the offspring's growth within two years of age: A birth cohort study

IF 4.5 2区医学 Q1 INFECTIOUS DISEASES

International journal of hygiene and environmental health Pub Date : 2025-01-12 DOI:10.1016/j.ijheh.2025.114520

Yu Liu , Kunying Li , Yuchuan Deng , Mengfan Li , Xiaonan Gu , Yujing Chen , Zhaoyan Liu , Lizi Lin , Li Cai

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Previous studies indicated that early life exposure to particulate matter of 2.5 μm or less (PM_2.5) could impair children's growth. However, the adverse effects of maternal ozone (O₃) and its interplay with PM_2.5 on offspring's growth are unclear.

Object

We aimed to investigate the independent and combined association of early-life exposure to PM_2.5 and O₃ with offspring growth in early childhood.

Methods

This study included 632 Chinese mother-child pairs. Residential PM_2.5 and O₃ exposure concentrations in pregnancy and postanal 2 years were estimated by an established spatiotemporal model. During each exposure period, we also calculated the exceedance rate, the accumulative proportion of over-standard days (Exceedance standard: PM_2.5>35 μg/m³, O₃ > 100 μg/m³). We repeatedly measured the offspring's weight and length from birth to 2 years old and calculated the age-standardized Z-score of weight for height (WFL), body mass index (BMI), and overweight risk (BMI Z-score >85th percentile).

Results

The adjusted generalized estimating equations showed that the concentration (an IQR increase) and exceedance rate (per 10% increase) of PM_2.5 in prenatal (especially the second trimesters) and postnatal periods were associated with increased WFL, BMI Z-score, and overweight risk (βs/ORs ranging from 0.10 to 0.41/1.23 to 1.62, P < 0.05) in children within age 2 years. Although early-life exposure to O₃ was not associated with growth outcomes, it showed multiplicative and additive interactions with PM_2.5 on offspring growth, particularly in the 2nd trimester and early life 1000 days. The associations with WFL and BMI Z-score were greatest in the higher exceedance rates group of PM_2.5 and O₃ (βs ranging from 0.21 to 0.37, P _for _interaction<0.01).

Conclusion

This study demonstrated that early-life PM_2.5 exposure, especially exceedance rate, was associated with increased offspring growth within 2 years of age. Furthermore, we discovered that O₃ may strengthen the adverse effect of PM_2.5 exposure on children's growth.

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生命早期共同暴露于环境PM2.5和O3与后代两岁内生长的关系：一项出生队列研究。

背景：先前的研究表明，儿童早期暴露于2.5 μm或以下的颗粒物（PM2.5）会损害儿童的生长。然而，母体臭氧（O3）及其与PM2.5的相互作用对子代生长的不利影响尚不清楚。目的：探讨早期生活暴露于PM2.5和O3与幼儿期后代生长的独立和联合关系。方法：本研究纳入632对中国母子。利用已建立的时空模型对孕妇孕期和产后2年居民PM2.5和O3暴露浓度进行了估算。在每个暴露时段，我们还计算了超标率，累计超标天数比例（超标标准：PM2.5>35 μg/m3, O3 > 100 μg/m3）。从出生到2岁，我们反复测量子代的体重和身高，并计算体重身高的年龄标准化z分数（WFL）、体重指数（BMI）和超重风险（BMI z分数>85百分位）。结果:调整后的广义估计方程显示，产前（特别是妊娠中期）和产后PM2.5浓度（IQR增加）和超标率（每增加10%）与WFL、BMI Z-score和超重风险增加相关(βs/ORs范围为0.10 ~ 0.41/1.23 ~ 1.62，p3与生长结局无关，它与PM2.5对子代生长表现出乘法和加性相互作用；尤其是在妊娠中期和生命早期1000天。在PM2.5和O3浓度超标组，WFL和BMI Z-score的相关性最大（β值范围在0.21 ~ 0.37之间）。结论：本研究表明，早期PM2.5暴露，特别是PM2.5浓度超标，与2岁以内后代的生长有关。此外，我们发现O3可能会加强PM2.5暴露对儿童生长的不利影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

International journal of hygiene and environmental health 医学-传染病学

CiteScore

11.50

自引率

5.00%

发文量

151

审稿时长

22 days

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health serves as a multidisciplinary forum for original reports on exposure assessment and the reactions to and consequences of human exposure to the biological, chemical, and physical environment. Research reports, short communications, reviews, scientific comments, technical notes, and editorials will be peer-reviewed before acceptance for publication. Priority will be given to articles on epidemiological aspects of environmental toxicology, health risk assessments, susceptible (sub) populations, sanitation and clean water, human biomonitoring, environmental medicine, and public health aspects of exposure-related outcomes.