Evaluating the sustained effectiveness of a novel pharmacy-based intervention to reduce older adult misuse of over-the-counter medications: A case for non-significance

Abstract

Introduction

Misuse of over-the-counter (OTC) medications by older adults (age 65+) can comprise Drug-Age, Drug-Drug, Drug-Disease, and Drug-Label types. Pharmacies in the United States are prevalent sources of OTCs and are an apt setting to address OTC misuse. Senior Safe™ is a pharmacy-system redesign for preventing older adult OTC misuse. The redesign uses signage to designate high-risk OTCs and safer products for older adult use, as well as prompting older adults to engage with pharmacy staff around medication safety issue.

Objectives

This study compared misuse in pharmacies with initial Senior Safe implementation (Immediate Effects group) to pharmacies with Senior Safe after 3 months (Sustained Effects group).

Methods

A non-equivalent group design, involving older adults recruited from matched and randomly-allocated pharmacy sites within a health system, compared the Immediate Effects (n = 83) and Sustained Effects (n = 65) groups. All participants were recruited outside the pharmacy and were given hypothetical symptom scenarios from which to choose (i.e., cough/cold/allergy, pain, or sleep). Participants were then asked to select an OTC to treat that symptom, and explain their OTC use at symptom onset and if symptoms persisted/worsened. Participants’ reported OTC use was evaluated for each misuse type. Multivariate modeling estimated differences in misuse between the Immediate and Sustained Effects groups.

Results

No significant differences emerged between Immediate and Sustained Effect groups for any misuse type for which statistical modeling was conducted. Drug-Age misuse was statistically less likely for sleep products (OR = 0.170, p = .005) and for adults aged 85+ when compared to the 65–74 and 75–84 age categories (OR = 3.979, p = .053; OR = 6.900, p = .031, respectively).

Conclusions

These non-significant results suggest that the intervention effect was maintained at three months. Overall, then, misuse reductions occurring immediately after intervention implementation did not significantly increase after three months. System buy-in, including assessing costs to implement and maintain Senior Safe, is critical to promote broader adoption.