Paroxysmal sympathetic hyperactivity: A common consequence of traumatic brain injury.

Abstract

Paroxysmal Sympathetic Hyperactivity (PSH) is a challenging and often underrecognized syndrome, commonly arising after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Characterized by episodic bursts of heightened sympathetic activity, PSH presents with a distinct constellation of symptoms including hypertension, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and diaphoresis. While the exact pathophysiology remains elusive, current evidence suggests that the syndrome results from an imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal pathways within the central nervous system, leading to dysregulated autonomic responses. The unpredictable nature of PSH episodes can significantly complicate the clinical course of TBI patients, increasing the risk of secondary brain injury and other systemic complications. Management of PSH involves a combination of pharmacological agents, such as beta-blockers, opioids, and sedatives, to modulate sympathetic outflow, alongside non-pharmacological strategies aimed at minimizing environmental triggers. Early recognition and targeted intervention are crucial to improving outcomes. This communication delves into the clinical presentation, underlying mechanisms, and evolving management strategies of PSH, providing insights into its impact on the recovery of TBI patients.