The effect of training distribution, duration, and volume on VO2max and performance in trained cyclists: A systematic review, multilevel meta-analysis, and multivariate meta-regression.

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to systematically investigate whether polarized or non-polarized training leads to greater physiological and performance adaptations in cyclists.

Design: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, focusing on interventions categorized as polarized, non-polarized, or unclear. Inclusion criteria required participants to be at least recreationally trained cyclists (VO_2max ≥ 59 ml/kg/min) and interventions lasting > 4 weeks.

Methods: A multi-level random-effects meta-analysis using restricted maximum likelihood estimation was performed. A multivariate meta-regression assessed associations between training volume, VO_2max, and time-trial performance.

Results: Forty-one studies, comprising 81 training groups and 797 participants, were included. Training significantly improved VO_2max across all groups (g = 0.42, 95 % confidence interval = 0.31-0.53, P ≤ 0.001) and time-trial performance (g = 0.39, 95 % confidence interval = 0.25-0.53, P ≤ 0.001), with no significant differences between training modalities (P > 0.05). Longer intervention durations positively influenced VO_2max (g = 0.03, 95 % confidence interval = 0.02-0.05, P < 0.001) and time-trial performance (g = 0.04, 95 % confidence interval = 0.03-0.06, P < 0.001). No associations were found between weekly or total training volume and changes in VO_2max or time-trial performance.

Conclusions: Polarized and non-polarized training modalities yield comparable improvements in VO_2max and time-trial performance in trained cyclists. Beyond achieving a necessary training volume, further increases do not appear to enhance performance. These findings encourage athletes and coaches to prioritize effective training distribution rather than fixating on total volume or a specific model.