Fish Sludge as Feed in Circular Bioproduction: Overview of Biological and Chemical Hazards in Fish Sludge and Their Potential Fate via Ingestion by Invertebrates

IF 8.8 1区 农林科学 Q1 FISHERIES
Kristin S. Pettersen, Veronika Sele, Pedro Araujo, Ikram Belghit, Sylvie L. Benestad, Aksel Bernhoft, Andy M. Booth, Gunnar S. Eriksen, Julia Farkas, Aleksander H. Handå, Bjørn Henrik Hansen, Kari O. Helgesen, Arne Holst-Jensen, Gro S. Johannessen, Nina S. Liland, Anne-Katrine Lundebye, Arne M. Malzahn, Hanne Nilsen, Tom S. Nordtvedt, Madelaine Norström, Magdalena M. Owczarek-Kościelniak, Øivind Øines, Sonal J. Patel, Hilde Sindre, Inger B. Standal, Andreas Hagemann
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Abstract

Aquaculture farming discharges large volumes of fish sludge, consisting of particulate organic matter from feed spill and feces. Fish sludge from land-based salmonid aquaculture systems can potentially be used to feed low-trophic species such as marine polychaetes and insects. Further use of these invertebrates as feed may provide a more sustainable feed chain. However, food security must not compromise feed or food safety. The use of fish sludge as feed is currently not permitted in the European Union (EU). A regulatory assessment that considers the integration of fish sludge in the circular bioeconomy requires knowledge of the potential chemical and biological risks involved. This review has compiled data from existing literature on the occurrence of chemical and biological hazards, as well as the physical properties of fish sludge. The potential risks along this feed chain, from fish sludge to novel feed ingredient production, are discussed in light of the EU regulatory framework. Within the available, but scarce, literature on biological hazards in fish sludge, there is no clear evidence that fish sludge is unsafe for use as a feed material for invertebrates if treatment criteria established in the EU regulations are followed. Scarcity implies a level of uncertainty, but not necessary of risk. For the chemical hazards, some elements are of concern and may exceed regulatory limits, and there are limited data on the occurrence of organic pollutants. This review highlights considerable knowledge gaps concerning the use of fish sludge in a circular feed and food system.

Abstract Image

鱼类污泥作为循环生物生产的饲料:鱼类污泥的生物和化学危害综述及其通过无脊椎动物摄入的潜在命运
水产养殖排放大量的鱼类污泥,由饲料溢出和粪便中的颗粒有机物质组成。陆基鲑科水产养殖系统产生的鱼泥有可能用于喂养海洋多毛类和昆虫等低营养物种。进一步利用这些无脊椎动物作为饲料可以提供一个更可持续的饲料链。然而,粮食安全绝不能损害饲料或食品安全。目前,欧盟(EU)不允许使用鱼泥作为饲料。考虑将鱼类污泥纳入循环生物经济的监管评估需要了解所涉及的潜在化学和生物风险。本综述汇编了现有文献中关于鱼泥化学和生物危害发生的数据,以及鱼泥的物理性质。从鱼类污泥到新型饲料原料生产,这条饲料链的潜在风险将根据欧盟监管框架进行讨论。在现有但稀缺的关于鱼类污泥生物危害的文献中,没有明确的证据表明,如果遵循欧盟法规中建立的处理标准,鱼类污泥作为无脊椎动物的饲料是不安全的。稀缺性意味着一定程度的不确定性,但不是风险的必要条件。对于化学危害,一些元素值得关注,可能超过规定的限制,有机污染物的发生数据有限。这篇综述强调了关于在循环饲料和食品系统中使用鱼污泥的相当大的知识空白。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
24.80
自引率
5.80%
发文量
109
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Reviews in Aquaculture is a journal that aims to provide a platform for reviews on various aspects of aquaculture science, techniques, policies, and planning. The journal publishes fully peer-reviewed review articles on topics including global, regional, and national production and market trends in aquaculture, advancements in aquaculture practices and technology, interactions between aquaculture and the environment, indigenous and alien species in aquaculture, genetics and its relation to aquaculture, as well as aquaculture product quality and traceability. The journal is indexed and abstracted in several databases including AgBiotech News & Information (CABI), AgBiotechNet, Agricultural Engineering Abstracts, Environment Index (EBSCO Publishing), SCOPUS (Elsevier), and Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics) among others.
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