Critical evaluation of extracellular polymeric substances extraction methods: Extraction efficiency, molecular characteristics, and heavy metals binding properties.

IF 8.2 1区 环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Science of the Total Environment Pub Date : 2025-01-10 Epub Date: 2025-01-04 DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.178345
Bei Ou, Xueyang Hu, Wenbo Yu, Fanhao Meng, Wen Li, Sha Liang, Shushan Yuan, Huabo Duan, Huijie Hou, Keke Xiao
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Abstract

Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) significantly influence the properties and performance of waste activated sludge. Various pretreatment protocols with different extraction efficiency and characteristics of EPS have been reported, which markedly impact subsequent treatment and disposal of sewage sludge. This study systematically assesses the EPS properties from twelve extraction pretreatment methods. The organic and inorganic matters content, cell lysis, basic physicochemical property, molecular weight distribution, and fluorescence properties of extracted EPS were determined. Physical extraction methods (Centrifugation, Heat, and Ultrasound) were relatively mild, resulting in lower extraction of organic matter contents from EPS (< 6 mg total organic carbon /g volatile solids). Biological extraction methods (Enzyme and Enzyme-NaOH) exhibited high EPS extraction efficiency however led to significant cell lysis, thereby contaminating the extracted EPS with intracellular substances. In addition, heating and biological extraction methods excessively degraded EPS, resulting in a large amount of small molecular weight matters (≤ 103 Da) generation. Chemical extraction methods offered efficient EPS extraction with the different degrees of cell lysis, but it would introduce chemical reagent residues in EPS. Among those extraction methods, EPS extracted by cation exchange resin (CER) method had uniform and abundant molecular weight matters and fluorescence matters distribution. After dialysis, the residual Na and other metal elements could be significantly removed. Then, the fluorescence quenching effect of Cu(II) and Zn(II) at 400 μM on the Bound-EPS after dialysis increased up to the maximum value of 65 % and 30 %, respectively, compared to that without dialysis. It indicates that dialysis coupled with CER extracted EPS has a well extraction efficiency and can maintain the original state of EPS for the subsequent investigation.

细胞外聚合物质萃取方法的关键评价:萃取效率、分子特性和重金属结合特性。
胞外聚合物(EPS)对废活性污泥的性质和性能有重要影响。各种预处理方案具有不同的萃取效率和EPS的特性,这对污泥的后续处理和处置产生了显著影响。本研究系统地评价了12种提取预处理方法对EPS的性能。测定了提取的EPS的有机物和无机物含量、细胞裂解、基本理化性质、分子量分布和荧光性质。物理提取方法(离心、加热和超声)相对温和,导致EPS中有机质含量较低(总有机碳< 6 mg /g挥发性固体)。生物提取方法(酶和酶-氢氧化钠)EPS提取效率高,但导致细胞裂解严重,从而使提取的EPS被细胞内物质污染。此外,加热和生物提取方法对EPS的过度降解,导致产生大量小分子量物质(≤103 Da)。化学萃取法提取EPS时,细胞裂解程度不同,但会在EPS中引入化学试剂残留。其中,阳离子交换树脂(CER)法提取的EPS分子量物质和荧光物质分布均匀丰富。透析后,可明显去除残留的Na等金属元素。透析后400 μM Cu(II)和Zn(II)对Bound-EPS的荧光猝灭作用分别比未透析时提高了65%和30%,达到最大值。说明透析联用CER提取EPS具有较好的提取效率,可以保持EPS的原始状态,为后续研究提供依据。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Science of the Total Environment
Science of the Total Environment 环境科学-环境科学
CiteScore
17.60
自引率
10.20%
发文量
8726
审稿时长
2.4 months
期刊介绍: The Science of the Total Environment is an international journal dedicated to scientific research on the environment and its interaction with humanity. It covers a wide range of disciplines and seeks to publish innovative, hypothesis-driven, and impactful research that explores the entire environment, including the atmosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and anthroposphere. The journal's updated Aims & Scope emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary environmental research with broad impact. Priority is given to studies that advance fundamental understanding and explore the interconnectedness of multiple environmental spheres. Field studies are preferred, while laboratory experiments must demonstrate significant methodological advancements or mechanistic insights with direct relevance to the environment.
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