Generation and π-phase-induced oscillations of multi-soliton molecular complexes in ultrafast fiber lasers based on MOF-253@Au

Abstract

Multi-soliton molecular complexes (multi-SMCs) have been extensively studied in the fields of nonlinear science and information coding due to their remarkable and rich molecular-like interactions. To efficiently harness the output of multi-SMCs and thus explore the intricate interactions among tightly bound multiple solitons for intelligent control, we apply the unique metal organic framework (MOF)-253@Au to the field of ultrafast photonics. The material has the characteristics of large surface area, modulation depth of 33.6 %, narrow band gap of 2.3 eV, and saturation absorption intensity of 0.039 MW/cm². Using MOF-253@Au as the saturable absorber in the ring cavity, a bound state comprising up to 7 solitons is generated. Both theoretical analyses and experimental results elucidate the dynamics of diverse soliton oscillation (periodic and bi-periodic behaviors) and soliton competition in multi-SMCs with both symmetric and asymmetric intensity. Most of the oscillations are induced by the near-π phase difference in the sliding phase between main soliton and others. The discovery of these dynamics expands the application of MOF in ultrafast optics and is poised to advance the development of multi-SMCs in intelligent light regulation.