Prediction and classification of flexural strength of rock materials used as dimension stones

IF 3.7 2区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI:10.1007/s10064-024-04070-5

Sefer Beran Çelik, İbrahim Çobanoğlu, Kazim Gireson

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Abstract

Flexural strength is one of the important mechanical parameters of dimension stones used as flooring and surface covering. European Standards (EN) define two methods for determining flexural strength which are under concentrated load (FS₃) and under constant moment (FS₄). However, these test methods require precise sample preparation and specialized testing equipment. This study aims to establish correlations to practical estimation of FS₃ and FS₄ values from each other and also from common rock mechanics tests. For this purpose, 32 groups of building stones were tested in a comprehensive experimental study and a data set was generated. The following main findings were revealed; FS₄ values are approximately 10% higher than FS₃ values, Schmidt (HS_L) and Leeb (HL_D) hardness methods provide moderate prediction accuracy with R² value of ~ 0.7, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), point load strength index (PLI), and Brazilian indirect tensile strength (BTS) tests provide higher prediction accuracy with R² value of ~ 0.8, especially when combined with P-wave velocity (V_P) values. In addition, anisotropy coefficients (C_A) were calculated between 3.7% and 23.1% for sample groups and it was revealed that the test parameters decreased as the C_A values increased. Based on these findings, a flexural strength classification with five categories was proposed to serve as a guideline for practical applications and projects.

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尺寸石用岩石材料抗弯强度预测与分类

抗弯强度是尺寸石用作地板和表面覆盖物的重要力学参数之一。欧洲标准（EN）规定了集中荷载（FS3）和恒弯矩（FS4）下抗弯强度的两种测定方法。然而，这些测试方法需要精确的样品制备和专门的测试设备。本研究旨在建立FS3和FS4值相互之间以及从常见岩石力学试验中实际估计的相关性。为此，在综合实验研究中对32组建筑石材进行了测试，并生成了一个数据集。主要发现如下：FS4值比FS3值高约10%，Schmidt （HSL）和Leeb （HLD）硬度法预测精度中等，R2值为~ 0.7，单轴抗压强度（UCS）、点载荷强度指数（PLI）和巴西间接抗拉强度（BTS）试验预测精度较高，R2值为~ 0.8，特别是结合p波速度（VP）值时。各向异性系数（CA）在3.7% ~ 23.1%之间，随CA值的增大，试验参数减小。在此基础上，提出了五类抗弯强度分类，以供实际应用和工程指导。

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来源期刊

Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 工程技术-地球科学综合

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

11.90%

发文量

445

审稿时长

4.1 months

期刊介绍： Engineering geology is defined in the statutes of the IAEG as the science devoted to the investigation, study and solution of engineering and environmental problems which may arise as the result of the interaction between geology and the works or activities of man, as well as of the prediction of and development of measures for the prevention or remediation of geological hazards. Engineering geology embraces: • the applications/implications of the geomorphology, structural geology, and hydrogeological conditions of geological formations; • the characterisation of the mineralogical, physico-geomechanical, chemical and hydraulic properties of all earth materials involved in construction, resource recovery and environmental change; • the assessment of the mechanical and hydrological behaviour of soil and rock masses; • the prediction of changes to the above properties with time; • the determination of the parameters to be considered in the stability analysis of engineering works and earth masses.