Novel sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade oleic acid via esterification catalyzed by characterized crystalline ZrO2/Al2O3

IF 4.3 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

BMC Chemistry Pub Date : 2025-01-04 DOI:10.1186/s13065-024-01360-7

Amal Alkahlawy, Amany Gaffer

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The depletion of fossil fuels and growing environmental concerns necessitate the exploration of renewable energy sources. Biodiesel, a promising alternative fuel derived from sustainable feedstock, has attracted considerable attention. This study investigates the catalytic esterification of oleic acid, a readily available fatty acid, with ethanol for biodiesel production using a novel heterogeneous catalyst, ZrO₂/Al₂O₃. Crystalline ZrO₂/Al2O₃ was successfully synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and temperature programmed desorption NH₃-TPD to understand its structural and textural properties. The characterized ZrO₂/Al₂O₃ was then employed to catalyze the esterification reaction. The influence of reaction parameters, including temperature, alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and catalyst loading, was systematically evaluated. Under optimal conditions (70 °C, 10:1 alcohol-to-oleic acid molar ratio, and 4 wt% catalyst loading), a remarkable 90.5% conversion of oleic acid to biodiesel was achieved. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited reusability, demonstrating its potential for sustainable biodiesel production from low-grade oleic acid feedstock.

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表征结晶ZrO2/Al2O3催化低品位油酸酯化制备新型可持续生物柴油

矿物燃料的枯竭和日益严重的环境问题使探索可再生能源成为必要。生物柴油作为一种从可持续原料中提取的有前景的替代燃料，引起了人们的广泛关注。本研究研究了一种新型多相催化剂ZrO2/Al2O3催化油酸与乙醇的酯化反应，用于生产生物柴油。成功合成了ZrO2/Al2O3晶体，并利用x射线衍射（XRD）、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET）表面积分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、x射线光电子能谱（XPS）和程序升温解吸NH3-TPD对其结构和织构性质进行了表征。然后用表征好的ZrO2/Al2O3催化酯化反应。系统评价了反应温度、醇油酸摩尔比、催化剂负载等参数对反应的影响。在最佳条件下（70°C， 10:1醇油酸摩尔比，4wt %催化剂负载），油酸转化为生物柴油的转化率达到了90.5%。此外，该催化剂具有可重复使用性，证明了其从低品位油酸原料生产可持续生物柴油的潜力。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

BMC Chemistry Chemistry-General Chemistry

CiteScore

5.30

自引率

2.20%

发文量

审稿时长

27 weeks

期刊介绍： BMC Chemistry, formerly known as Chemistry Central Journal, is now part of the BMC series journals family. Chemistry Central Journal has served the chemistry community as a trusted open access resource for more than 10 years – and we are delighted to announce the next step on its journey. In January 2019 the journal has been renamed BMC Chemistry and now strengthens the BMC series footprint in the physical sciences by publishing quality articles and by pushing the boundaries of open chemistry.