The Rise of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: An Emerging Pandemic

Abstract

Aim

This review explores the increasing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in children and adolescents, focusing on its etiology, risk factors, complications, and the importance of early detection and management. It also highlights the need for a multidisciplinary, family-centered approach in managing T2DM in pediatric populations, with an emphasis on nutrition, exercise, and lifestyle interventions.

Materials and Methods

A literature review was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to incorporate studies from 2015 to 2024 on T2DM in youths/adolescents/children, focusing on epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention strategies. Studies on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) or adult populations were excluded.

Results

T2DM is a complex metabolic disorder with various societal, behavioral, environmental, and genetic risk factors. It accounts for one in three new childhood diabetes cases, with rising incidence among American Indian/Alaska Native, Black, and Hispanic/Latino children. The increase in T2DM incidence correlates with growing childhood obesity rates. Early onset significantly raises the risk of complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, cardiovascular diseases, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. Early detection, screening, and treatment can prevent or delay these complications. A family-centered, multidisciplinary approach is essential for effective management, including lifestyle and behavioral support.

Conclusions

T2DM in children is a growing health concern with severe implications. Early detection and management, including nutrition and exercise counseling, are critical in reducing long-term complications. A multidisciplinary approach is vital for improving outcomes and minimizing morbidity and mortality.