Cleaner production of liquefied biomass-based phenol–formaldehyde resin with improved properties via catalyzed copolymerization

IF 23.2 2区材料科学 Q1 MATERIALS SCIENCE, COMPOSITES

Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI:10.1007/s42114-024-01195-9

Cheng Li, Miao Li, Zugang Li, Panrong Guo, Zijie Zhao, Wenjie Lu, Jianzhang Li, Jingyi Liang, Yang Tang, Shengbo Ge, Fei Wang

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Phenol–formaldehyde or phenolic resin represents a high-quality adhesive material that is commonly used in the manufacturing industry. However, the use of this resin involves high curing temperature and demonstrates a low curing rate and over-reliance on toxic petroleum-based substances as a precursor material for its preparation. Hence, environmental-friendly phenol–formaldehyde resins with a fast curing rate and low curing temperature are highly desired. For the first time, this paper reports the use of liquefied acorn shells to prepare phenol–formaldehyde resins (termed “APF”) under various metal catalysts. It was found that the metal catalysts could promote the formation of a high-ortho structure in the resulted resins which subsequently improved the copolymerization reaction between phenol, phenolic compounds of acorn shell, and formaldehyde. The weight loss of the APF resins was lower than that of the unmodified phenol–formaldehyde resin, thus indicating its high thermal stability. The bonding strength of APF resins produced with 40 wt% of acorn shell is more than 0.7 MPa which qualified for use in the production of exterior-grade plywood panels. The catalyzed APF resins also showed low curing temperature (< 145 °C) and rapid curing (< 22 min) features. Overall, the findings suggest that the liquefied acorn shell represents a promising material to synthesize biomass-based phenol–formaldehyde resin with desirable features.

Graphical abstract

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催化共聚法清洁生产性能改善的液化生物质基酚醛树脂

酚醛或酚醛树脂代表了一种高质量的粘合剂材料，通常用于制造业。然而，这种树脂的固化温度高，固化速率低，并且过度依赖有毒的石油基物质作为其制备的前驱体材料。因此，迫切需要一种固化速度快、固化温度低的环保型酚醛树脂。本文首次报道了利用液化橡子壳在多种金属催化剂下制备酚醛树脂（简称“APF”）。结果表明，金属催化剂能促进树脂中高邻位结构的形成，从而促进苯酚、橡子壳中酚类化合物与甲醛的共聚反应。APF树脂的失重率低于未改性酚醛树脂，具有较高的热稳定性。橡实壳质量分数为40%的APF树脂粘接强度可达0.7 MPa以上，可用于生产外墙胶合板。催化的APF树脂还表现出低固化温度（145℃）和快速固化（22 min）的特点。总之，研究结果表明，液化橡子壳是一种很有前途的材料，可以合成具有理想特性的生物质基酚醛树脂。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials Multiple-

CiteScore

26.00

自引率

21.40%

发文量

185

期刊介绍： Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials is a leading international journal that promotes interdisciplinary collaboration among materials scientists, engineers, chemists, biologists, and physicists working on composites, including nanocomposites. Our aim is to facilitate rapid scientific communication in this field. The journal publishes high-quality research on various aspects of composite materials, including materials design, surface and interface science/engineering, manufacturing, structure control, property design, device fabrication, and other applications. We also welcome simulation and modeling studies that are relevant to composites. Additionally, papers focusing on the relationship between fillers and the matrix are of particular interest. Our scope includes polymer, metal, and ceramic matrices, with a special emphasis on reviews and meta-analyses related to materials selection. We cover a wide range of topics, including transport properties, strategies for controlling interfaces and composition distribution, bottom-up assembly of nanocomposites, highly porous and high-density composites, electronic structure design, materials synergisms, and thermoelectric materials. Advanced Composites and Hybrid Materials follows a rigorous single-blind peer-review process to ensure the quality and integrity of the published work.