Thymic and T-cell intrinsic critical roles associated with severe combined immunodeficiency and Omenn syndrome due to a heterozygous variant (G201R) in PSMB10

Abstract

Background

Heterozygous immunoproteasome 20 S subunit beta 10 (PSMB10) mutations can cause severe combined immunodeficiency and Omenn syndrome. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in these patients is associated with severe complications and poor immune reconstitution, often resulting in death.

Objective

We sought to perform immunologic and molecular characterization of an infant with a PSMB10 heterozygous variant.

Methods

A heterozygous variant in PSMB10 (p.G201R) was identified in the index patient but not her parents. Detailed immunophenotyping and functional studies, including flow cytometry, immunoblotting, and T-cell development in artificial thymic organoids, were performed.

Results

The patient presented with severe B-, natural killer–, and T-cell lymphopenia, with a progressive increase in memory CD4⁺ T cells and loss of CD8⁺ T cells, diminished Vbeta family diversity, and abnormal IL-7 signaling. Immunoproteasome protein expression (PSMB9 and PSMB10) was markedly reduced in the patient’s cells, including PBMCs, EBV-transformed B cells, and fibroblasts, the mutation likely acting in a dominant-negative fashion. The patient’s CD34⁺ cells showed a normal early T-cell development but slightly impaired generation of CD3⁺TCR αβ⁺ cells in artificial thymic organoids, and human thymus single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated that PSMB10 is expressed in different subsets of cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells. Collectively, these data indicate that PSMB10 mutations affect positive selection of CD8 T cells, generation of a diverse T-cell repertoire, and negative selection of autoreactive T cells.

Conclusions

The PSMB10 G201R variant is associated with reduced immunoproteasome expression levels that appear to play vital roles in hematopoietic and extrahematopoietic immune system development and function. PSMB10-associated thymoproteasome dysfunction leads to impaired thymopoiesis and the development of severe combined immunodeficiency and Omenn syndrome, suggesting possible benefit from thymus implantation.