Engineering of the genetic code.

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 BIOCHEMICAL RESEARCH METHODS

Current opinion in biotechnology Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI:10.1016/j.copbio.2024.103245

Yael Cohen, Lital Alfonta

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

The genetic code is a universally conserved mechanism that translates genetic information into proteins, consisting of 64 codons formed by four nucleotide bases. With a few exceptions, the genetic code universally encodes 20 canonical amino acids (AAs) and three stop signals, with many AAs represented by multiple codons. Genetic engineering has expanded this system through approaches like codon reassignment and synthetic base pair introduction, allowing for the incorporation of noncanonical AAs (ncAAs) into proteins, known as genetic code expansion (GCE). These ncAAs add novel functionalities, such as bio-orthogonal handles, fluorophores, and redox-active ncAAs, enhancing the diversity of proteins. Recent advancements include genome-wide recoding, evolution of orthogonal translation components, and synthetic genetic alphabet, with a focus on improving translational efficiency and reducing off-target effects. This review emphasizes strategies for modifying nucleotides, reassessing codons, and engineering translational enzymes, highlighting innovations that tackle challenges in GCE and promote new protein chemistries and biotechnological applications.

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基因密码的工程。

遗传密码是将遗传信息转化为蛋白质的一种普遍保守的机制，由四个核苷酸碱基组成的 64 个密码子组成。除少数例外，遗传密码普遍编码 20 个标准氨基酸（AA）和 3 个终止信号，其中许多 AA 由多个密码子表示。基因工程通过密码子重配和合成碱基对引入等方法扩展了这一系统，将非规范氨基酸（ncAAs）纳入蛋白质，即遗传密码扩展（GCE）。这些 ncAA 增加了新的功能，如生物正交柄、荧光团和氧化还原活性 ncAA，从而提高了蛋白质的多样性。最近的进展包括全基因组范围的重新编码、正交翻译元件的进化和合成基因字母表，重点是提高翻译效率和减少脱靶效应。本综述强调了修改核苷酸、重新评估密码子和工程翻译酶的策略，重点介绍了应对 GCE 挑战、促进新蛋白质化学和生物技术应用的创新。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Current opinion in biotechnology 工程技术-生化研究方法

CiteScore

16.20

自引率

2.60%

发文量

226

审稿时长

4-8 weeks

期刊介绍： Current Opinion in Biotechnology (COBIOT) is renowned for publishing authoritative, comprehensive, and systematic reviews. By offering clear and readable syntheses of current advances in biotechnology, COBIOT assists specialists in staying updated on the latest developments in the field. Expert authors annotate the most noteworthy papers from the vast array of information available today, providing readers with valuable insights and saving them time. As part of the Current Opinion and Research (CO+RE) suite of journals, COBIOT is accompanied by the open-access primary research journal, Current Research in Biotechnology (CRBIOT). Leveraging the editorial excellence, high impact, and global reach of the Current Opinion legacy, CO+RE journals ensure they are widely read resources integral to scientists' workflows. COBIOT is organized into themed sections, each reviewed once a year. These themes cover various areas of biotechnology, including analytical biotechnology, plant biotechnology, food biotechnology, energy biotechnology, environmental biotechnology, systems biology, nanobiotechnology, tissue, cell, and pathway engineering, chemical biotechnology, and pharmaceutical biotechnology.