Outcomes of Acute Subdural Hematoma in Adults with a GCS Score of 3 : An Analysis from Five Regional Trauma Centers.

Abstract

Objective: Acute Subdural Hematoma (A-SDH) in patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score of 3 presents significant challenges in clinical decision-making owing to high mortality rates and the likelihood of severe disability. Here, we analyzed data to assess the number of surgical treatments and overall treatment outcomes for patients with A-SDH admitted in a comatose state and discussed the value of such aggressive surgical interventions based on these findings.

Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from five regional trauma centers in Korea registered with the Korean Neurotrauma Data Bank System. This study included adult patients (aged ≥19 years) admitted between January 2018 and June 2021 to a comatose state due to A-SDH. Patients were classified into death and survivor groups based on their outcomes, and their demographic, clinical, and radiological characteristics were compared. Additionally, Patients were divided into a combined group of deaths and vegetative state survivors and a group of remaining survivors to compare the differences and assess the impact of death and vegetative state.

Results: Among a total of 109 patients, the mean age was 59.28 years, and the mortality rate was 80.7%. Among the 21 survivors, 12 (57.1%) remained vegetative. Surgical treatment was performed in 42 patients (38.5%), resulting in a lower mortality rate (64.3%) than conservative treatment (91.0%). However, the rate of the vegetative state was higher in the surgical group (21.4%) than in the conservative group (4.5%). Pupil reactivity was a significant predictor, with mortality rates of 44.4%, 57.1 %, and 85.9% for reactive, unilaterally unreactive, and bilaterally unreactive pupils, respectively. The surgical group had a significantly longer hospital stay (23.69±29.15 days) compared to the conservative group (6.45±13.75 days).

Conclusion: It is time to go one step further from death with the dignity law and have a comprehensive consideration and social consensus on 'how to end life.' A model that can more accurately predict situations in which decompressive surgery should be considered for patients in a comatose state due to A-SDH is required. Neurosurgeons must have a comprehensive understanding of the patient's progress, the anticipated prognosis, and the various financial and psychological burdens on the family and must be able to communicate this information thoroughly.