{"title":"Whole-Cell Vaccine Preparation Through Prussian Blue Nanoparticles-Elicited Immunogenic Cell Death and Loading in Gel Microneedles Patches.","authors":"Wenxin Fu, Qianqian Li, Jingyi Sheng, Haoan Wu, Ming Ma, Yu Zhang","doi":"10.3390/gels10120838","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tumor whole-cell vaccines are designed to introduce a wide range of tumor-associated antigens into the body to counteract the immunosuppression caused by tumors. In cases of lymphoma of which the specific antigen is not yet determined, the tumor whole-cell vaccine offers distinct advantages. However, there is still a lack of research on an effective preparation method for the lymphoma whole-cell vaccine. To solve this challenge, we prepared a whole-cell vaccine derived from non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (A20) via the photothermal effect mediated by Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs). The immune activation effect of this vaccine against lymphoma was verified at the cellular level. The PBNPs-treated A20 cells underwent immunogenic cell death (ICD), causing the loss of their ability to form tumors while retaining their ability to trigger an immune response. A20 cells that experienced ICD were further ultrasonically crushed to prepare the A20 whole-cell vaccine with exposed antigens and enhanced immunogenicity. The A20 whole-cell vaccine was able to activate the dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens to T cells and trigger specific immune responses against lymphoma. Whole-cell vaccines are primarily administered through direct injection, a method that often results in low delivery efficiency and poor patient compliance. Comparatively, the microneedle patch system provides intradermal delivery, offering enhanced lymphatic absorption and improved patient adherence due to its minimally invasive approach. Thus, we developed a porous microneedle patch system for whole-cell vaccine delivery using Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel and n-arm-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (n-arm-PLGA). This whole-cell vaccine combined with porous gel microneedle patch delivery system has the potential to become a simple immunotherapy method with controllable production and represents a promising new direction for the treatment of lymphoma.</p>","PeriodicalId":12506,"journal":{"name":"Gels","volume":"10 12","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.0000,"publicationDate":"2024-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11675167/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Gels","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3390/gels10120838","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"POLYMER SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Tumor whole-cell vaccines are designed to introduce a wide range of tumor-associated antigens into the body to counteract the immunosuppression caused by tumors. In cases of lymphoma of which the specific antigen is not yet determined, the tumor whole-cell vaccine offers distinct advantages. However, there is still a lack of research on an effective preparation method for the lymphoma whole-cell vaccine. To solve this challenge, we prepared a whole-cell vaccine derived from non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma (A20) via the photothermal effect mediated by Prussian blue nanoparticles (PBNPs). The immune activation effect of this vaccine against lymphoma was verified at the cellular level. The PBNPs-treated A20 cells underwent immunogenic cell death (ICD), causing the loss of their ability to form tumors while retaining their ability to trigger an immune response. A20 cells that experienced ICD were further ultrasonically crushed to prepare the A20 whole-cell vaccine with exposed antigens and enhanced immunogenicity. The A20 whole-cell vaccine was able to activate the dendritic cells (DCs) to present antigens to T cells and trigger specific immune responses against lymphoma. Whole-cell vaccines are primarily administered through direct injection, a method that often results in low delivery efficiency and poor patient compliance. Comparatively, the microneedle patch system provides intradermal delivery, offering enhanced lymphatic absorption and improved patient adherence due to its minimally invasive approach. Thus, we developed a porous microneedle patch system for whole-cell vaccine delivery using Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel and n-arm-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (n-arm-PLGA). This whole-cell vaccine combined with porous gel microneedle patch delivery system has the potential to become a simple immunotherapy method with controllable production and represents a promising new direction for the treatment of lymphoma.
期刊介绍：
The journal Gels (ISSN 2310-2861) is an international, open access journal on physical (supramolecular) and chemical gel-based materials. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on the maximum length of the papers, and full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Short communications, full research papers and review papers are accepted formats for the preparation of the manuscripts.
Gels aims to serve as a reference journal with a focus on gel materials for researchers working in both academia and industry. Therefore, papers demonstrating practical applications of these materials are particularly welcome. Occasionally, invited contributions (i.e., original research and review articles) on emerging issues and high-tech applications of gels are published as special issues.
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