Transition Metal Phosphide-based Oxygen Electrocatalysts for Aqueous Zinc-Air Batteries

Abstract

Electrically rechargeable zinc-air batteries (ZABs) are emerging as promising energy storage devices in the post-lithium era, leveraging oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions (ORR and OER) at the air cathodes. Efficient bifunctional oxygen electrocatalysts, capable of catalyzing both ORR and OER, are essential for the operation of rechargeable ZAB. Traditional Pt- and RuO2/IrO2-based catalysts are not ideal, as they lack sufficient bifunctional ORR and OER activity, exhibit limited long-term durability, require high overpotentials and are expensive. In contrast, non-precious metal-based catalysts, including transition metal phosphides (TMPs), have gained significant attention for their promising bifunctional catalytic properties, making them attractive candidates for ZABs. Despite encouraging lab-scale achievements, translating these advancements into market-ready applications remains challenging due to suboptimal energy performance. Rationally engineered bifunctional TMPs hold great potential for overcoming these challenges and meeting the requirements of rechargeable ZABs. This feature article reviews recent progress in the development of TMP-based catalysts for ZABs, providing a comprehensive overview of ZAB fundamentals and strategies for catalyst design, synthesis, and engineering. Particular emphasis is placed on widely studied bifunctional Fe, Co, and Ni phosphides, along with approaches to enhance their catalytic performance. Key performance metrics, including the potential gap (ΔE) between ORR and OER, specific capacity, peak power density, and charge-discharge cycling stability, are critically evaluated. Finally, the article discusses the challenges facing TMP-based ZABs, proposes strategies to address these issues, and explores future directions for improving their rechargeability to meet the demands of commercial-scale energy storage technologies.