Thrombus composition and its implication in ischemic stroke assessment and revascularization treatments.

Abstract

Introduction: Since mechanical thrombectomy has allowed ischaemic stroke thrombus retrieval, the exhaustive study of this material has enabled better understanding of the potential physiopathological processes involved in thrombus formation.

Development: Thrombotic pathways involved in the different vascular beds share common mechanisms, causing difficulties in the identification of specific patterns associated with stroke aetiology. However, other factors such as clot formation time, associated inflammatory status, or activation of additional immune and coagulation pathways (neutrophil extracellular trap [NET] delivery, platelet aggregation, endothelial activation, and von Willebrand Factor release) have been described as determinants in thrombus characteristics. Thus, variable proportions of fibrin-/platelet-rich and erythrocyte-rich areas are closely interrelated within the thrombus, frequently associated with a protective outer shell with high concentrations of fibrin, NETs, and von Willebrand Factor. The presence of these components, as well as their distribution and interrelationships, have been shown to have effects on the thrombus' resistance to revascularisation treatments. Understanding of these pathways has enabled the development of adjuvant therapies capable of enhancing current fibrinolytic drugs and/or increasing the efficacy of endovascular treatments.

Conclusion: Understanding of thrombus components and mechanisms involved in thrombus formation represent a potential pathway for the development of ischaemic stroke therapeutics with promising perspectives.