3-Thio-3,4,5-trisubstituted-1,2,4-triazoles: high affinity somatostatin receptor-4 agonist synthesis and structure–activity relationships†

Abstract

Somatostatin receptor-4 (SST₄) is a therapeutic target for several conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, seizures, neuropsychiatric disorders, and pain. Our previous work on 1,2,4-triazole derivatives led to enhanced SST₄ binding affinity, selectivity, and functional activity. Herein we report the discovery of 3-thio-1,2,4-triazole series as selective and high affinity SST₄ agonists. Thirty-three compounds show <100 nM binding affinity, five of which had sub-nanomolar binding affinity and >300-fold selectivity over other SST subtypes. SST₄ cAMP inhibition assay activity data aligned with the ligand binding affinity. Comparative docking results of the ligands under investigation with the cryo-EM and most recent model-built SST₄ structures suggest similar trends in binding. Amino acids responsible for high and moderate affinity were identified, whereas poorer ligand conformations and limited interactions were observed with the low-affinity compounds. In summary, this study presents a novel series of high affinity SST₄ agonists with corresponding in vitro activity, demonstrating viable therapeutic potential.